• South America
  • Proto-Tupí
    • *aʔé ‘that (invisible person or thing)’
  • Proto-Tupí-Guaraní
    • *tetáma ‘place’
    • *kutúk ‘to stab/pierce/stick/sting’
    • *kutúka ‘stabbing’
    • *r- ‘relational/linking prefix’
    • *c-, *t-, *i-, *ts ‘relational/linking prefix’
    • *βaʔé, *maʔé ‘relativizer/nominalizer’
    • *-eme, -me ‘subjunctive mood’
    • *-áβo, *-βo, *-a ‘co-referential mood’
    • *-ram ‘nominal prospective state’
    • *moro¹-pocá²-nóŋ³-ár⁴-a ‘the animate agent⁴ of applying³ medicine² for humans¹’
    • *o-i-cuʔw-áβ-a ‘action or effect of biting’
    • *ocóβo ‘(he) going’