• Eurasia
  • Proto-Indo-European
    • *ḱē̆s-ró-
    • *ḱer- ‘to grow’
    • *suH- ‘pig, swine (orig. sow)’
    • *pel-ni- ‘skin, hide’
    • *h₂ulh₁-neh₂- ‘wool’
    • *ḱu(e)it-nó- ‘white’
    • *por- ‘to be with young’
    • *gʷeh₃-u- ‘cow’
    • *Huks-en-
    • *uksōn, *uksōn- ‘ox’
    • *ḱr-ént-es-
    • *néud-e-
    • *peḱ-u- ‘cattle; livestock’
    • *gʷh₃ig(w)o-
    • *yugo- ‘yoke’
    • *ueǵh-, *uoǵh-o- ‘carry, drive’
    • *steh₂-dhh₁-o-
    • *tuenk- ‘press together’
    • *(H)iunég-, *(H)iung- ‘to yoke’
    • *dheh₁-to- ‘having given birth’
    • *h₂eǵ-ro- ‘field, uncultivated field, pasture’
    • *ǵhei-m- ‘winter, snow’
    • *uét-ru-
    • *ḱem- ‘to truncate (horns)’
    • *porḱ-o-, *porḱo- ‘young pig, piglet; digger’
    • *ieh₁-ro- ‘year, summer’
    • *dhugh-néh₂-
    • *bhi-
    • *ulkʷ-o-, *ulkʷo- ‘wolf’
    • *uérǵh-e- ‘to strangle’
    • *bherH-on-
    • *bhero- ‘brown’
    • *puk-so- ‘thick-haired’
    • *puk-
    • *ḱes-on-
    • *serp-e/o- ‘to creep’
    • *urm-i-, *urmi-
    • *ḱor(h₂)-uo- ‘crow, raven’
    • *h₃ér-on-
    • *ḱr- ‘horn’
    • *ḱem-teh₂-
    • *stegh- ‘to prick, to sting’
    • *rei-, *roi- ‘variegated, speckled’
    • *h₁el-ḱo(n)-
    • *(H)uēnh₁-, *(H)unh₁- ‘desire’
    • *h₂ulh₁- ‘wool’
    • *HrouH-ó-
    • *peh₂- ‘to protect’
    • *knh₂-ḱo-
    • *séh₂-l-, *séh₂l- ‘salt’
    • *ueih₁-n-, *ueih₁-ōn, *uih₁-en-m, *uih₁-on-m ‘vine; wine’
    • *pleiH-sk-
    • *deh₃- ‘to give’
    • *h₁uébh-
    • *(h₁)uebh- ‘to weave’
    • *h₁ubh-neh₂-, *h₁u-m-bh-e-, *h₁u-n-ebh-
    • *teḱ-s- ‘to hew, to fabricate; to fashion’
    • *(s)pénh₁-ne-
    • *siHu-ie-
    • *h₂erh₃-ie-
    • *séh₁-e-
    • *bhlh₁-tó-
    • *bhleh₃- ‘blossom, flower’
    • *der-ueh₂-
    • *ǵrh₂-no- ‘that which has ripened, fruit, grain’
    • *h₁e/om-o- ‘what is (to be) taken’
    • *sek- ‘to cut’
    • *skérH-e-
    • *kséubh-e-
    • *slk-
    • *h₂erh₃-tro- ‘plough’
    • *sok-éh₂-
    • *Hodh-es-on-
    • *tetḱ-dhlo-
    • *tetḱ-
    • *bhei-
    • *uoǵh-no-
    • *uoǵh-o-
    • *ueǵh-tlo-
    • *kʷe-kʷl-
    • *h₃nobh-eh₂-
    • *h₂eḱs-i-
    • *h₂eḱs-
    • *h₂eḱs-eh₂-
    • *h₃nbhl-
    • *h₃nobh-io-
    • *h₃nobh-i-
    • *pi-n-s- ‘to grind’
    • *pélth₂-o-
    • *pŕk-
    • *spré-n-gh-e-
    • *smH- ‘warm season, summer’
    • *smH-oro-
    • *krp- ‘to pick, pluck’
    • *h₂éi-es-
    • *h₂rǵ-nt-o- ‘silver’
    • *ǵhlh₃-to-
    • *dréu-o-
    • *dem(H)-ro-
    • *dem-rom
    • *stoiH-no- ‘stone’
    • *pl-tro-
    • *(s)kolh₂/3-tro- ‘instrument for cleaving’
    • *bhéugh-e-
    • *bhld-
  • Albanian (Tosk)
    • qipër ‘copper; bronze’
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic
    • *wílʔnaʔ ‘wool’
  • Latvian
    • ràibs ‘dappled (especially of animals)’
    • naba ‘navel’
  • Lithuanian
    • tasz-ýti ‘to hew or shape with the axe’
    • pjū́klas ‘saw’
    • pielà ‘saw, file’
    • pelyti ‘to file’
    • vìlna ‘wool; thread of wool’
    • raibas, rainas ‘dappled, having brownish-yellow spots’
    • vìlnos ‘wool’
    • lūšis ‘lynx’
  • Old Prussian
    • roaban ‘striped’
    • cucan ‘brown’
  • Proto-Slavic
    • *zǫbrъ ‘wisent’
    • *ruH-ḱ-i-
    • *tesla ‘adze’
    • *sьrebro
  • Russian
    • zubr ‘wisent, (European) bison’
  • Bulgarian
    • lǎv ‘lion’
  • Croatian
    • lȁv ‘lion’
  • Serbian
    • lȁv ‘lion’
  • Slovene
    • lev ‘lion’
  • Czech
    • lev ‘lion’
  • Old Church Slavonic
    • lьvъ ‘lion’
    • rysь  ‘lynx’
    • sьrebro, sъrebro ‘silver’
    • tesla ‘adze’
    • tesati ‘to hew’
  • Polish
    • lanca ‘lance, spear’
    • lew ‘lion’
  • Proto-Celtic
    • *sukko- ‘pig’
    • *uxso-, *uxson-
    • *φlitro-
  • Breton
    • roc'h ‘rock’
    • karreg ‘rock, reef’
    • gwin ‘wine’
  • Cornish
    • karrek ‘rock’
    • brest ‘brass’
  • Middle Breton
    • roch ‘rock, cliff’
    • guin ‘wine’
  • Middle Welsh
    • bwa ‘bow’
  • Old Breton
    • carrec ‘rock, reef’
  • Old Welsh
    • huch ‘pig’
  • Welsh
    • ych ‘ox’
    • gwin ‘wine’
    • cwningen ‘rabbit’
    • bwa ‘bow’
    • pres ‘brass’
  • Irish
    • prás ‘brass; (formerly) generic bronze’
    • copar ‘copper’
    • aiseal ‘axle’
    • acastóir, acaistéar ‘axle’
    • ascaill ‘armpit’
    • láighe, láí ‘mattock, spade, loy; blade of such tools’
    • speal ‘scythe, mowing hook’
    • tornapa ‘turnip’
    • coinín ‘rabbit’
    • fíon ‘wine’
    • gearrán ‘gelding; nag, small horse’
    • puiléad ‘pullet; fledged young chicken’
    • liopard ‘leopard’
    • síota ‘cheetah’
  • Manx
    • creg, cregg ‘crag, tor, rock’
  • Middle Irish
    • prás ‘brass’
    • spel, speal ‘scythe’
    • spelaid ‘strips, peels, mows, sheds, scatters’
    • lipard ‘leopard’
    • gearrán ‘horse, nag’
  • Old Irish
    • asan ‘donkey’
    • craic, carric ‘rock’
    • fín ‘wine’
    • spel, speal ‘scythe’
    • spelaid ‘to strip, peel, mow, shed, scatter’
  • Scottish Gaelic
    • speal ‘scythe, mowing hook; sword’
    • tuirneap ‘turnip’
    • pràis ‘brass’
    • aiseal, aisil ‘axle, axle-tree; axis’
    • fìon ‘wine’
    • coinean, coineanach ‘rabbit’
    • carraig, carragh, creag ‘rock, cliff, precipice’
    • gearran ‘gelding; nag, small or inferior horse’
    • sìotà ‘cheetah’
  • Proto-Germanic
    • *luhsa- ‘lynx’
    • *luhō- ‘lynx’
    • *baira- ‘boar’
    • *warga-, *warza- ‘murderer, strangler, malefactor, outlaw’
    • *wurgjan- ‘to strangle’
    • *wergan- ‘to strangle’
    • *beran- ‘bear’
    • *uwwilōn- ‘owl’
    • *han(n)jō- ‘hen’
    • *hanan- ‘cock, rooster; singer’
    • *fugla- ‘bird’
    • *bîôn-, *biôn
    • *wulfa- ‘wolf’
    • *bini
    • *jēra- ‘year’
    • *dūkan- ‘to duck’
    • *dukkōn- ‘to duck’
    • *sū-, *suw- ‘sow’
    • *swīna- ‘pig’
    • *farha-līna-
    • *farha- ‘farrow, pig’
    • *farha-kīna-
    • *galtan- ‘(castrated) boar’
    • *gald(j)a- ‘infertile’
    • *awnōn ‘to bring forth lambs’
    • *tigōn- ‘goat’
    • *gait- ‘goat’
    • *gaitina-
    • *hafra- ‘male goat, buck’
    • *kiðją ‘kid’
    • *kittīna
    • *tikkīna- ‘kid’
    • *hamalōjan- ‘to mutilate’
    • *hamala- ‘truncated(?)’
    • *gimbrī
    • *weþru- ‘(male) lamb; yearling’
    • *skēpa- ‘sheep’
    • *stōda- ‘flock’
    • *marha-
    • *hursa- ‘horse’
    • *hurzōn- ‘to rush’
    • *marhī-, *marhjō(n)-
    • *kʷik(w)o-
    • *waiþō
    • *fehu- ‘cattle’
    • *hrinþiz-, *hrinþez-, *hrunþiz- ‘cow, bovine; cattle’
    • *nauta- ‘utilizable cattle’
    • *neutan- ‘to make use of, enjoy’
    • *baruga- ‘castrated boar’
    • *kalbiz- ‘calf’
    • *uhsan- ‘ox’
    • *farwa-, *farzwa-
    • *kō-, *kū- ‘cow’
    • *wullō- ‘wool’
    • *hunanga- ‘honey’
    • *steura- ‘bull’
    • *steura- ‘bull’
    • *stiurikaz ‘bullock’
    • *bulan-, *bullan-
    • *wisand
    • *wisund- ‘wisent’
    • *fuh-
    • *fuhōn- ‘she-fox’
    • *fuhsa- ‘fox’
    • *nēdrōn- ‘viper’
    • *nēdra-
    • *wurmi- ‘worm’
    • *hesan-, *hazan- ‘hare’
    • *snēkan-
    • *snēggan-
    • *mili-dawwō-
    • *meluk- ‘milk’
    • *hēra- ‘hair’
    • *fōdra- ‘sheath, casing; fodder, animal feed’
    • *hūdi- ‘skin’
    • *rawwō- ‘(plucked) wool’
    • *elha-, *elhan- ‘elk, moose’
    • *stagga-
    • *raiha-, *raihan- ‘roe deer’
    • *heruta- ‘stag, hart, deer’
    • *hindō- ‘hind’
    • *deuza- ‘(wild) animal’
    • *hrabna-, *hrabō- ‘raven’
    • *aran- ‘eagle’
    • *wīnan ‘wine’
    • *salta- ‘salt’
    • *medu- ‘mead’
    • *wahsa- ‘wax’
    • *ketwa- ‘meat’
    • *mati- ‘food’
    • *weban- ‘to weave’
    • *spinnan- ‘to spin’
    • *flaiska-, *fleiski-
    • *faita- ‘fat’
    • *smerwa- ‘butter, grease’
    • *smeltan- ‘to melt’
    • *smalta-, *smulta- ‘(molten) fat, lard’
    • *talga-, *talgō- ‘tallow’
    • *kurna- ‘corn, wheat; grain, cereal’
    • *greuta-
    • *kurnila-
    • *hlaiba- ‘bread’
    • *rōbjōn- ‘turnip’
    • *apla- ‘apple’
    • *bariz-, *barza- ‘barley’
    • *blada- ‘leaf, blade’
    • *bewwa- ‘yield; barley’
    • *rugi- ‘rye’
    • *rukkan-, *ruggan- ‘rye’
    • *habran- ‘oats’
    • *arjan- ‘to plough’
    • *hwaitja- ‘wheat’
    • *hwīta-, *hwitta- ‘white’
    • *sēan- ‘to sow’
    • *terwōn- ‘tare(s)’
    • *plōga- ‘plough’
    • *siujan- ‘to sew’
    • *falgō- ‘fallow land’
    • *ahslō- ‘shoulder, armpit’
    • *ahsula-
    • *ahsō- ‘axle’
    • *ahse, *ahse- ‘axle’
    • *nabō- ‘hub, nave’
    • *hwehla-, *hweula- ‘wheel’
    • *wagna- ‘wagon’
    • *harbista- ‘autumn’
    • *harbjan- ‘to pluck’
    • *sumara- ‘summer’
    • *springan-, *sprinkan- ‘to break out, to leap’
    • *felþa- ‘field’
    • *furh- ‘furrow’
    • *walþu- ‘field, uncultivated area, wood’
    • *akra- ‘field’
    • *aizīna-
    • *aiza- ‘ore, brass’
    • *gulþa-, *gulda- ‘gold’
    • *silubra- ‘silver’
    • *kuppar
    • *felsa, *felesa-,*falisa, *falisia ‘mountain, rock’
    • *leþra- ‘leather’
    • *fella- ‘membrane, skin, hide’
    • *knība-, *knīban- ‘knife’
    • *staina- ‘stone’
    • *tim-ram
    • *tem-rom
    • *timbra- ‘timber, lumber’
    • *trewa- ‘tree’
    • *hulta- ‘wood (small forest); grove’
    • *busk- ‘bush, small forest (?)’
    • *widu- ‘tree; wood’
    • *basja-, *bazja- ‘berry’
    • *krappa ‘hook’
    • *līno- ‘flax’
    • *flahsa- ‘flax’
    • *harzwa- ‘flax’
    • *seg- ‘to cut’
    • *dalka-, *dalg- (?)
    • *talgjan- ‘to cut, carve’
    • *skēra- ‘scissors’
    • *skeran- ‘to cut’
    • *spadan- ‘spade’
    • *spadō-
    • *reka
    • *rekan- ‘to rake up, pile up’
    • *skeuban-, *skūban- ‘to shove’
    • *arþra- ‘scratch plough’
    • *arjan-tro-
    • *sulha- ‘plow’
    • *sagō- ‘saw’
    • *akʷesī- ‘axe’
    • *finhl-
    • *tōkslo-
    • *adesan- ‘adze’
    • *barda
    • *happja
    • *bīþla- ‘axe’
    • *bītan- ‘to bite, be sharp’
    • *juka- ‘yoke’
    • *arhwō- ‘arrow’
    • *bugan- ‘bow’
    • *beugan-, *būgan- ‘to bow, bend’
    • *gaiza- ‘spear, tip’
    • *speru- ‘spear’
    • *strēlō- ‘ray, beam, stick, arrow’
    • *swerda- ‘sword’
    • *bulta(n)- ‘to hit, to bump’
  • Gothic
    • *gais ‘spear’
    • jukuzi ‘yoke’
    • juk ‘yoke’
    • apel ‘apple’
    • timrjan ‘to build’
    • timr-ja ‘builder’
    • *timr ‘wood as building material(?)’
    • silubr ‘silver’
    • ais, aiz, aizis ‘ore, copper, bronze; money, coin’
    • *ahsuls ‘axle’
    • mats ‘food’
    • *midus ‘mead’
    • wein ‘wine’
    • ara ‘eagle’
    • fauhô ‘fox’
    • fauho ‘vixen’
    • wulla ‘wool’
    • fugls ‘bird’
    • swein ‘pig, swine (generic)’
  • Danish
    • gepard ‘cheetah’
    • fæ ‘cattle, beast; domestic animal’
    • gimmer-lam ‘feamle lamb’
    • ravn ‘raven’
    • vin ‘wine’
    • mad ‘food’
    • spade ‘spade’
    • segl ‘sickle’
    • fil ‘rasp, file’
    • spær ‘spear’
    • lanse ‘lance, spear’
  • Elfdalian
    • win ‘wine’
    • bi ‘bee’
    • bia ‘bee’
  • Faroese
    • gepardur ‘cheetah’
    • veiða ‘to hunt’
    • vín ‘wine’
  • Icelandic
    • vín ‘wine’
    • snákur ‘snake’
    • dýr ‘animal’
    • veiða ‘to hunt’
    • gimbur ‘year-old female sheep’
    • spaði ‘spade, shovel’
    • sigð ‘sickle’
  • Norwegian
    • ard ‘small plough without mouldboard’
  • Norwegian (Bokmål)
    • fil ‘rasp, file’
    • sigd ‘sickle’
    • spade ‘spade’
    • veida ‘to hunt’
    • veide ‘hunt, chase’
    • gepard ‘cheetah’
    • vin ‘wine’
    • nepe ‘turnip, Brassica rapa’
  • Norwegian (Nynorsk)
    • nepe ‘turnip, Brassica campestris rapifera’
    • vin ‘wine’
    • gepard ‘cheetah’
    • veida ‘to hunt’
    • spade ‘spade’
    • sigd ‘sickle’
    • fil ‘rasp, file’
  • Old Danish
    • rafn ‘raven’
  • Old Norse
    • hrafn ‘raven’
    • snákr ‘snake, viper’
    • fóa, fúa ‘vixen’
    • dýr ‘wild animal; roe deer’
    • rá ‘female roe deer; roe deer’
    • rǫggr, rǫgg ‘shaggy hair or wool’
    • hunang ‘honey’
    • vín ‘wine’
    • matr ‘food’
    • næpa ‘white turnip’
    • erja ‘to plough’
    • hafri ‘oats’
    • bygg ‘barley; cereal’
    • veiða ‘to hunt, to capture’
    • veiðr ‘hunt’
    • fé, fjár ‘beast (sing.); cattle, livestock (pl.); property, money’
    • naut ‘beast, bovine’
    • gymbr ‘sheep that has not yet dropped a lamb’
    • fugl, fogl ‘bird’
    • rakki ‘dog’
    • hár ‘hair (of head); hair’
    • kjǫt ‘meat/flesh; meat, flesh’
    • fjall, fell ‘skin, hide, fleece’
    • dálkr ‘dagger; brooch, clasp, pin’
    • boli, bole ‘bull, ox’
    • ugla ‘owl’
    • vargr ‘wolf, malefactor, outlaw’
    • leóna ‘lioness’
    • leó, león ‘lion’
    • tík ‘bitch’
    • bý ‘bee’
    • kokr ‘rooster’
    • gylta, gyltr ‘young (infertile?) sow; sow’
    • kiðlingr ‘kid’
    • kið ‘kid’
    • hamla ‘to maim, to mutilate’
    • geit ‘goat’
    • þél ‘rasp, file’
    • arðr ‘plough’
    • *ar-dagi ‘ploughing-day, ploughing’
    • reka ‘spade, shovel; rake’
    • ok ‘yoke’
    • sparða ‘battle axe, broad axe’
    • telgja ‘to cut, to carve’
    • sigð, sigðr ‘sickle; scythe’
    • spaði ‘spade’
    • haust ‘autumn’
    • haustr ‘autumn’
    • ǫxull ‘axle’
    • ǫxull-tré, öxul-tré ‘axle-tree’
    • eir ‘copper, bronze, brass’
    • fjall, fell ‘mountain, rock’
  • Old Swedish
    • pil, pīla ‘arrow’
    • spär ‘spear’
    • ēr ‘copper, bronze’
    • sikil ‘sickle’
    • fǣl ‘rasp, file’
    • fil ‘rasp, file’
    • vargher ‘wolf’
    • uggla ‘owl’
    • foghl, foghil, fugh ‘bird’
    • gummarlamb ‘male lamb’
    • nöt ‘beast, bovine’
    • fǣ ‘beast, livestock; property’
    • vin ‘wine’
    • rā ‘roe deer’
    • rafn, ramn ‘raven’
    • lō ‘lynx’
    • snōker
  • Swedish
    • snok ‘grass snake’
    • sjakal ‘jackal’
    • rå ‘roe deer’
    • rådjur ‘roe deer’
    • vin ‘wine’
    • fä ‘beast, domestic animal’
    • fågel ‘bird’
    • uggla ‘owl’
    • varg ‘wolf’
    • lo ‘lynx’
    • lodjur ‘lynx’
    • fil ‘rasp, file’
    • lans ‘lance, spear’
  • Dutch
    • knijp ‘knife’
    • knijf ‘knife (archaic)’
    • lans ‘lance, spear’
    • beer ‘boar; uncastrated male swine, whether wild or domesticated’
    • zwaard ‘sword’
    • vijl ‘file’
    • baard ‘broad axe’
    • dissel ‘adze’
    • juk ‘yoke’
    • zeisen, zeis ‘scythe’
    • sikkel ‘sickle’
    • vlas ‘flax’
    • hop ‘hops’
    • koper ‘copper’
    • herfst ‘autumn’
    • zilver ‘silver’
    • rots ‘rock’
    • goud ‘gold’
    • naaf ‘hub, nave’
    • oksel ‘armpit’
    • wagen ‘wagon’
    • zomer ‘summer’
    • lente ‘spring’
    • voor, vore ‘furrow’
    • leeuw ‘lion’
    • panter ‘leopard’
    • cheeta ‘cheetah’
    • jachtluipaard ‘cheetah’
    • beer ‘bear’
    • worgen, wurgen ‘to strangle, throttle’
    • ooruil ‘horned owl (lit. ear-owl)’
    • uil ‘owl’
    • luipaard ‘leopard’
    • geit ‘goat’
    • zwijn ‘pig, swine (generic)’
    • haan ‘rooster’
    • kieken, kuiken
    • rekel ‘male dog’
    • wolf ‘wolf’
    • as ‘axle’
    • vet ‘fat, fatty, greasy’
    • beuk ‘beech’
    • bul ‘bull’
    • noot ‘cattle, bovine’
    • vee ‘cattle’
    • ezel ‘donkey’
    • wijn ‘wine’
    • met ‘minced meat, esp. minced pork’
    • metworst ‘a kind of sausage’
    • was ‘wax’
    • weven ‘to weave’
    • oot ‘wild oats’
    • weit ‘wheat’
    • reuf ‘turnip (dial.)’
    • knolraap ‘turnip’
    • ree ‘roe deer’
    • hinde ‘female deer’
    • hert ‘red deer; deer (generic); male deer’
    • meeldauw ‘honey-dew’
    • haas ‘hare’
    • raaf ‘raven’
    • adder ‘viper’
  • English
    • cobra ‘cobra’
    • adder ‘viper’
    • deaf adder ‘slow worm (Anguis fragilis)’
    • snake ‘long limbless reptile of the suborder Ophidia’
    • viper ‘viper’
    • wyvern ‘mythical serpent, dragon’
    • serpent ‘serpent, snake’
    • worm ‘worm’
    • hare ‘hare’
    • bison ‘bison, wisent; American bison’
    • wisent ‘wisent, bison’
    • coney ‘rabbit skin or fur; rabbit’
    • rabbit ‘rabbit’
    • mildew ‘mildew’
    • milk ‘milk’
    • pilch ‘pilch’
    • fur ‘fur’
    • honey ‘honey’
    • doe ‘doe, female deer; female hare/rabbit’
    • fawn ‘fawn, young deer’
    • hide ‘hide, animal skin’
    • rag ‘rag’
    • venison ‘deer meat/flesh; game meat’
    • hart ‘hart, stag, male deer’
    • deer ‘deer’
    • eagle ‘eagle’
    • raven ‘raven’
    • erne ‘sea eagle’
    • elk ‘elk, moose; wapiti’
    • roe ‘roe deer’
    • stag ‘stag, male deer’
    • beast ‘animal’
    • hind ‘hind, female deer’
    • rape ‘rape, rapeseed’
    • neep ‘turnip; swede’
    • apple ‘apple’
    • loaf ‘loaf’
    • grit ‘grit’
    • groats ‘groats, hulled grain’
    • kernel ‘kernel, seed’
    • grain ‘grain; seed; particle’
    • corn ‘grain; seed; maize’
    • oat, oats ‘oat, oats’
    • cereal ‘cereal, grain’
    • furze ‘gorse’
    • wheat ‘wheat’
    • fellying ‘first ploughing after the harvest’
    • fallow ‘fallow, ploughed land’
    • haver ‘oats’
    • bigg ‘barley’
    • rye ‘rye’
    • barley ‘barley’
    • tare ‘vetch; (in pl.) an injurious weed among corn’
    • blade ‘blade, edge; narrow leaf; knife, sword’
    • tallow ‘tallow’
    • weave ‘weave’
    • tissue ‘tissue’
    • sew ‘sew’
    • spin ‘spin’
    • smear ‘smear’
    • flesh ‘flesh, meat’
    • schmalz ‘melted chicken fat; sentimentality’
    • suet ‘suet, sheep/bovine fat’
    • grease ‘grease’
    • ket ‘carrion’
    • wax ‘wax’
    • mead ‘mead’
    • wine ‘wine’
    • salt ‘salt’
    • easel ‘easel’
    • garron ‘small and inferior kind of horse, nag’
    • stud ‘stud’
    • burro ‘small donkey used as a pack animal’
    • donkey ‘donkey, ass’
    • ass ‘ass, donkey’
    • summer ‘summer’
    • tup ‘male sheep, ram’
    • sheep ‘sheep’
    • gimmer ‘gimmer, young ewe’
    • wether ‘castrated ram’
    • veal ‘calf meat’
    • quick ‘quick, fast; (obsolete) alive’
    • neat ‘(collective) cattle’
    • barrow ‘castrated boar’
    • fee ‘money paid in exchange for service, etc.’
    • mare ‘mare, female horse’
    • horse ‘horse’
    • stirk ‘yearling cow; young bullock or heifer’
    • steer ‘steer, young ox’
    • gold ‘gold’
    • falchion ‘sword’
    • cow ‘cow’
    • farrow ‘(of cow) without calf’
    • wool ‘wool’
    • bull ‘bull’
    • bullock ‘castrated bull, ox’
    • calf ‘calf; young animal’
    • kine ‘cattle’
    • ox ‘ox, castrated bull’
    • ash ‘ash tree’
    • birch ‘birch’
    • jackal ‘jackal’
    • hair ‘hair’
    • meat ‘meat, flesh’
    • beech ‘beech’
    • fat ‘fat’
    • root ‘root’
    • stone ‘stone’
    • tree ‘tree’
    • rake ‘rake’
    • tyke ‘low-bred or coarse dog; mongrel’
    • chicken ‘chicken; chick; chicken meat’
    • duck ‘duck’
    • rooster ‘rooster, domestic cock’
    • roost ‘(of a bird) to perch upon a roost’
    • fowl ‘fowl, domestic bird; Galloanserae’
    • cock ‘cock, rooster’
    • pullet ‘pullet, young hen’
    • hen ‘hen, female fowl’
    • swine ‘swine, pig’
    • sow ‘sow’
    • ploughsock ‘ploughshare; cutting blade of a plough’
    • gilt ‘young sow’
    • goat ‘goat’
    • ean, yean ‘to bring forth lambs’
    • kid ‘kid, young goat’
    • owl ‘owl’
    • boar ‘boar, male pig’
    • worry ‘worry, seize/kill with the teeth’
    • bear ‘bear’
    • wild boar ‘wild boar’
    • wolf ‘wolf’
    • leopard ‘leopard’
    • panther ‘leopard, panther’
    • cheetah ‘cheetah’
    • lion ‘lion’
    • ounce ‘snow leopard’
    • lynx ‘lynx’
    • wold ‘high open uncultivated land or moor’
    • field ‘field’
    • acre ‘acre’
    • hub ‘hub, axle, nave’
    • box ‘box; box tree’
    • pestle ‘pestle’
    • lent ‘lent’
    • spring ‘spring (season); water source’
    • furrow ‘furrow’
    • shear ‘shear, cut’
    • wain ‘wooden farm cart’
    • wagon, waggon ‘wagon’
    • vehicle ‘vehicle’
    • wheel ‘wheel’
    • axle ‘axle’
    • axle-tree ‘axle-tree’
    • bush ‘bush, shrub’
    • holt ‘wood (small forest)’
    • wood ‘wood’
    • rock ‘rock, stone’
    • timber ‘timber, wood’
    • crag ‘steep or rugged rock, rocky outcrop’
    • leather ‘leather’
    • fell ‘skin, hide’
    • silver ‘silver’
    • brass ‘brass’
    • argent ‘silver, white’
    • harvest ‘harvest; harvest season’
    • copper ‘copper’
    • ore ‘ore, crude metal’
    • hops ‘hops’
    • raisin ‘raisin, dried grape’
    • flax ‘flax’
    • line ‘flax; linseed (dial.)’
    • pome ‘pome fruit’
    • radish ‘radish’
    • turnip ‘turnip’
    • grape ‘grape’
    • berry ‘berry’
    • sith ‘sith, small scythe’
    • sickle ‘sickle’
    • shears ‘shears’
    • scythe ‘scythe’
    • harl, herl ‘fibre of flax or hemp’
    • cangue ‘cangue’
    • yoke ‘yoke’
    • bill, billhook ‘bill, billhook’
    • adze ‘adze’
    • hatchet ‘hatchet, small axe’
    • halberd ‘halberd’
    • saw ‘saw’
    • file ‘file’
    • axe ‘axe’
    • spade ‘spade’
    • sullow ‘plough’
    • shovel ‘shovel’
    • plough ‘plough’
    • loy ‘narrow spade used in Ireland’
    • sull ‘plough’
    • ard ‘ard, light plough’
    • sword ‘sword’
    • fell ‘hill; stretch of hills or moorland’
    • bolt ‘bolt’
    • farrow ‘farrow, piglet; litter of piglets’
    • sow ‘sow, female pig’
    • lance ‘lance, spear’
    • knife ‘knife’
    • spear ‘spear’
    • arrow ‘arrow’
    • bow ‘bow; bow (instrument); bow, knot’
  • Frisian
    • spear ‘spear’
    • knif ‘knife’
    • harrel ‘fibre or flax or hemp’
    • harvst, hearst, herst
    • sommer, simmer ‘summer’
    • sulver, selver ‘silver’
    • stîn, stîæn ‘stone’
    • wein ‘wagon’
    • lynks ‘lynx’
    • wjirgje ‘to strangle’
    • swinn, swin, swyn ‘pig, swine (generic)’
    • stien, stên ‘stone’
    • baerg ‘castrated boar’
    • skêp, skêap, sjip, sjapp, skiep, schâip ‘shhep’
    • salt, sâlt, sât, saut, solt ‘salt’
    • weewen, weve, weevje ‘to weave’
    • haver ‘oats’
    • oat ‘wild oat’
    • hasskerd ‘having a harelip’
    • haeze ‘hare’
  • German
    • Wisent ‘bison’
    • Rabe ‘raven’
    • Raps ‘rapeseed, Brassica napus’
    • Rübe ‘turnip’
    • aren ‘to plough’
    • Schmalz ‘fat, lard; fat, dripping’
    • fett ‘fat’
    • feist ‘fat’
    • Wein ‘wine’
    • Wachs ‘wax’
    • Mettwurst ‘a kind of sausage’
    • Schafbock ‘ram’
    • Schaf ‘sheep’
    • Noß ‘cattle (dialect)’
    • Weide ‘pasture, meadow; grazing’
    • Fett ‘fat (organic substance)’
    • Schakal ‘jackal’
    • Stier ‘bull’
    • Bulle ‘bull (for breeding); male whale, male elephant’
    • Ferkel ‘piglet, young immature pig’
    • Zicke ‘she-goat’
    • Zicklein ‘kid; fawn’
    • Kitz ‘kid, young goat; fawn’
    • Küchlein ‘chicken’
    • Biene ‘bee’
    • würgen ‘to choke’
    • Gepard ‘cheetah’
    • Panther ‘leopard, panther’
    • Waggon ‘railway carriage’
    • Wiel ‘wheel (in technical senses)’
    • Nabe ‘hub, nave’
    • Lenz ‘spring; a year of life’
    • Langis ‘spring’
    • Kneif ‘knife’
    • Gold ‘gold’
    • Kupfer ‘copper’
    • Sense ‘scythe’
    • Spaten ‘spade’
    • Schere ‘scissors, shears’
    • Sichel ‘sickle’
    • Flachs ‘flax’
    • Feile ‘file’
    • Hellebarde ‘halberd’
    • Barte ‘broad axe’
    • Dechsel ‘adze’
    • Wagen ‘wagon’
    • Kneip ‘knife’
    • Lanze ‘lance, spear’
    • Ger ‘Germanic throwing-spear’
  • Low German
    • knîp, kniep ‘knife’
    • knīf ‘knife’
    • weten ‘know’
    • juk, jok ‘yoke’
    • file ‘file’
    • sekel ‘sickle’
    • spade, spâ ‘spade’
    • seged, seid, sicht ‘scythe’
    • harvst, harfst ‘autumn’
    • silver, sülver, sulver ‘silver’
    • steen ‘stone’
    • oss ‘ox’
    • ko ‘cow’
    • weten ‘wheat’
    • Mettwurst ‘a kind of sausage’
    • Mett ‘minced meat, especially pork’
    • wass ‘wax’
    • fett ‘fat’
    • weven ‘to weave’
    • hawer ‘oats’
    • rapsād ‘rape’
    • hart ‘deer’
    • dier ‘animal’
  • Middle Dutch
    • hert, hart ‘deer (generic); male deer’
    • hertinne ‘female deer’
    • hinde ‘female deer’
    • rēa, ree ‘roe deer’
    • meeldauw ‘honey-dew’
    • raven, ravene, rave ‘raven’
    • adder, adere, addre ‘viper’
    • nader, nadre, nadder ‘viper’
    • snaak ‘snake’
    • hase, haese, hāze ‘hare’
    • *robbe ‘rabbit’
    • rāpe, raep ‘turnip’
    • rove ‘turnip’
    • oot ‘wild oats’
    • rogge, rogghe, rugge ‘rye’
    • erien ‘to plough’
    • weit, weite ‘wheat’
    • weven ‘to weave’
    • was ‘wax’
    • met- ‘pork’
    • wîn, wijn ‘wine’
    • sout, zout ‘salt’
    • swert, zwert, swart, swaert, sweert, swaerd, sward ‘sword’
    • vet ‘fat, fatty, greasy; fertile, abundant’
    • boeke ‘beech’
    • rooc, roic ‘smoke (n)’
    • bul, bulle, bolle ‘bull’
    • noot ‘bovine animal, especially for meat’
    • vee, ve, veeh, vieh, vie, veede ‘cattle’
    • sommer, somer, zomer ‘summer’
    • cheetah ‘cheetah’
    • panter ‘leopard’
    • leeuwe, leuwe, lêwe, leeu, leu ‘lion’
    • lupart, leupart, liepart ‘leopard’
    • pardus, paerdus, perdus ‘leopard’
    • ule, hule ‘owl’
    • worghen ‘to strangle, throttle’
    • beer ‘boar, male pig; wild boar’
    • wulf, wolf ‘wolf’
    • bie ‘bee’
    • kieken, kiekijn, kûken ‘chicken’
    • hāne ‘rooster’
    • geit, geet, geete ‘goat’
    • varken, varkijn, varkin, verken, verreken, veerken, verke ‘pig’
    • swijn ‘pig, swine (generic)’
    • goud-, gout, golt ‘gold’
    • silver, selver, sulver ‘silver’
    • herfst, heerfst, herft ‘harvest, autumn’
    • coper ‘copper’
    • lente ‘spring’
    • lentin ‘spring’
    • vōre ‘furrow’
    • nave, naef, naf ‘hub, nave’
    • asse ‘axle’
    • ocsele, oxel, oxele ‘armpit’
    • wiel ‘wheel’
    • wagen, waeghen ‘wagon’
    • seisene ‘scythe’
    • spade ‘spade, tool for digging, usually with a flattish rectangular iron blade’
    • sekele, zekele ‘sickle’
    • vlas, vlasch ‘flax’
    • hop, hoppe, huppe ‘hops’
    • pīke, piek, pijc ‘pointed implement’
    • vîle ‘file’
    • schaer ‘scissors’
    • joc, juc, joke ‘yoke’
    • dissel, dissele ‘adze’
    • barde ‘broad axe’
    • bere, beer ‘bear’
    • rotse, roche, roke, roce ‘rock’
    • somer, sommer, seumer ‘pack-animal’
    • swart, zwart, sw(a)ert, swa/erd ‘black (colour)’
    • cnief, cnijf ‘knife’
    • lanse ‘lance, spear’
    • spere, speer ‘spear’
  • Middle English
    • spere ‘spear’
    • gore, gare ‘spear’
    • bow, boȝe, bowe ‘bow; arc, arch’
    • aewe, arewe, arowe ‘arrow’
    • bowe ‘bow’
    • launce, lence, lance ‘spear, lance’
    • knif, cnife, cniue ‘knife’
    • ax ‘axe’
    • fel ‘mountain’
    • swerd ‘sword’
    • bolt ‘arrow, esp. the shorter and stouter kind fired from cross-bows; discharge of lightning’
    • strale ‘arrow (CDB); the pupil of the eye (OED 1917)’
    • arc ‘part of a circle or curve; arch’
    • box, boxe ‘shrub or tree of the genus Buxus; the wood of the box tree’
    • farrow, fare ‘birth of piglets, litter of piglets’
    • big ‘barley’
    • bere ‘barley’
    • haubert, hauberde, halberde ‘combined spear and battleaxe’
    • sparth ‘long-handled broad-bladed battle-axe, used especially by the Irish down to the 16th century’
    • hachet ‘hatchet; small axe’
    • þixil, þixel ‘adze’
    • adese ‘adxe’
    • bill ‘digging implement, mattock, pickaxe; various forms of bladed weapon’
    • spade ‘spade’
    • schovel ‘shovel’
    • suluh, solow ‘plough’
    • plogh ‘plough’
    • arder ‘ploughing, the state of being ploughed up; land ploughed up and left fallow, fallow land’
    • ardagh ‘ploughing, the quantity of land that may be ploughed in a given timeframe’
    • sawe, sagh ‘saw’
    • pike, pick
    • ax ‘axle’
    • fyle ‘file’
    • hoppe ‘hops’
    • reisyn, resin, racin, raising ‘grape; bunch of grapes; dried grape’
    • flex ‘flax’
    • lin ‘flax’
    • berie ‘berry; grape’
    • grape ‘grape; bunch of grapes’
    • pome ‘apple; pome’
    • sikel ‘sickle’
    • sheers ‘scissors, shears’
    • syþe, sith ‘scythe’
    • herle ‘filament, fibre’
    • wain ‘wagon; the Great Bear (constellation)’
    • hwele, whele ‘wheel’
    • okselle ‘armpit’
    • axil, axel, axell, axile ‘axle’
    • nave ‘hub, nave’
    • axeltre ‘axle; axle-tree’
    • axtre, axtreo ‘axle-tree’
    • wald, wæld ‘woodland’
    • feeld ‘field, open land; the country as opposed to the town’
    • pestyl, pestylle, pistel, pestelle, pestel ‘club-shaped instrument for grinding food, etc. in a mortar’
    • hubbe, hubb, hub, hob ‘hub, nave’
    • aker ‘field’
    • lenten ‘spring’
    • spryng, spring, sprynge ‘spring (season); water source’
    • forwe ‘furrow’
    • scer, scire, schær, sheare, sheere, shure, shore, sheard, sheered, shorne, schard ‘to shear’
    • coper ‘copper’
    • ær, ore, wore ‘ore’
    • hærfest, herfest, hervest ‘autumn; harvest season; (later): the harvest (reaping and gathering in); the ripened crop’
    • fore-year ‘early part of the year’
    • sylver ‘silver’
    • argent ‘silver, white’
    • bras ‘generic bronze’
    • gold ‘gold’
    • busch, busche, busk, buske, bosk, boske ‘bush; thicket, undergrowth, scrub’
    • holte, halte, hoult ‘wood (small forest)’
    • timber, timbur, tymber, tymbyr ‘wood, esp. as building material; material in general’
    • rocke ‘large mass of stone; cliff, crag, or other such natural feature’
    • stæn, stoon, stonne, stone ‘stone’
    • lether ‘leather; skin’
    • suyn, swyne ‘pig, swine (generic)’
    • sock ‘ploughshare’
    • sow ‘sow, female pig’
    • far ‘young pig’
    • gilte ‘sow’
    • gote ‘goat (generic)’
    • gayte ‘goat’
    • ȝene, yene, yeane, yean ‘(of a ewe) to bring forth lambs’
    • kide, kede, kid ‘kid, young of the goat’
    • coc, cocke ‘cock, rooster’
    • hen ‘hen’
    • chiken ‘chicken’
    • ducke ‘duck’
    • fowl ‘bird’
    • tike ‘low-bred or coarse dog; mongrel’
    • bere ‘bear’
    • bār, bore ‘boar, male pig; wild boar’
    • wery, worowe ‘to strangle, to suffocate; to kill (a person or animal) by compressing the throat’
    • wulf, wolf ‘wolf’
    • oule ‘owl’
    • wilde bar ‘wild boar’
    • pard ‘leopard or other large cat’
    • pardal ‘leopard, panther’
    • lyon ‘lion’
    • leo ‘lion’
    • lenx, linx, lynce, lince, lynx ‘lynx’
    • ounce ‘a medium-sized member of the cat family, such as a lynx, puma, or cheetah’
    • pantere, panthere ‘leopard or other large spotted cat’
    • leopard, lebard, lubard, leupard ‘leopard’
    • somer, sumer ‘summer’
    • asse ‘ass, donkey’
    • stude, stode, studde ‘herd of mares for breeding; establishment where horse are bred’
    • garran, garrant ‘small and inferior kind of horse bred and used chiefly in Ireland and Scotland (OED)’
    • schepe ‘sheep’
    • tuppe, tupe ‘male sheep’
    • wether ‘ram’
    • gimmer ‘ewe between one and two years old’
    • quek, queke, quike, quick ‘living, alive; animate; (of animals, esp. cattle) owned as livestock; (of property or wealth) consisting of live animals’
    • naut, nout, nēat, nete ‘bovine animal: ox, bullock, cow, heifer; (collective) cattle’
    • baru, barrow ‘castrated boar’
    • ryther, ruther, rother ‘a horned bovine animal, esp. (in later use) an ox, a bullock’
    • rotheren ‘of oxen or cattle’
    • waith ‘hunting, fishing; the unlawful taking of game; the right to take game; game, spoils’
    • gainage ‘profit or produce from the tillage of land; husbandry’
    • fee ‘livestock, cattle large or small; moveable property; money’
    • hors ‘horse’
    • mere ‘mare’
    • steore, ster, steyr, steer ‘young bull or ox, especially castrated’
    • wull, woll, wulle, wolle, wole, woolle, wool ‘wool’
    • fauchoun, faulchion ‘billhook; curved broadsword’
    • cowe, cow, cu, ku, cou ‘cow’
    • bulluc, bullok, bolok, bullocke, bullock ‘bull calf; castrated bull, ox’
    • bule, bulle ‘bull’
    • bole, boole ‘bull’
    • farrow ‘(of cow) without calf’
    • oxe ‘ox’
    • kine ‘cattle (collective)’
    • calf ‘calf’
    • beche ‘beech’
    • asch ‘ash tree’
    • birche ‘birch’
    • fel, felle, fell, vel, velle ‘skin, hide’
    • hid, hide, hude, huyde, hyd ‘hide, animal skin’
    • tre, tree ‘tree’
    • wode ‘wood (material); wood (forest); tree ’
    • salt ‘salt’
    • wīn ‘wine’
    • mete, mæte ‘meat; food in general; flesh’
    • ket ‘raw flesh, carrion; also fig. trash, rubbish’
    • meode, meyde, mead ‘mead’
    • talgh ‘tallow’
    • weve ‘to weave’
    • spinne ‘to spin’
    • sewe ‘to sew’
    • tyssu ‘a rich kind of cloth; any woven fabric’
    • fleshe ‘flesh; meat’
    • smear ‘fat, grease, lard; ointment’
    • gresse ‘animal fat’
    • suette, sewet ‘suet’
    • sowe ‘to sow’
    • ear, are ‘to plough’
    • falge, falwe ‘ploughing as part of the fallowing process; arable land lying idle’
    • rye ‘rye’
    • hafyr, havyr, haver ‘oats’
    • blad, bladde, blade ‘leaf; blade; knife’
    • tare ‘corn pest; wild or cultivated vetch, tare; vetch seed’
    • bærlíc, barlic, barrliȝ, berley ‘barley’
    • nape ‘french turnip, Brassica napus’
    • navew ‘rape, Brassica napus’
    • rape ‘rape, rapeseed; turnip; radish’
    • appel ‘apple’
    • navette ‘oil-seed rape, Brassica napus subsp. oleifera’
    • navet ‘navew gentle, edible rape, Brassica napus var. napobrassica’
    • loafe, laf, lof, loof, layf, lofe, loffe ‘bread; portion of bread baked in one mass’
    • grotene, grotes, grots ‘grain hulled, coarsely ground, or crushed; oatmeal’
    • griet, grete ‘sand, grit’
    • greyn, grayn ‘(generic) grain, cereal’
    • ote ‘oat (single grain)’
    • corn ‘seed, kernel; particle; (fruit of) cereal; (generic) grain; crop’
    • conyn, conyng, conig, coney ‘rabbit’
    • rabbyt, rabbette, rabbatte ‘rabbit’
    • hara, hare ‘hare’
    • bison, bisontes ‘wisent, (European) bison’
    • fixene, fixen, vixen ‘female of the fox’
    • fox, foxe, vox, wox ‘fox’
    • unce ‘lynx’
    • nadder, neder ‘snake (generic), viper; dragon’
    • adder, edder ‘snake (generic), viper; dragon’
    • corbie ‘raven; carrion crow’
    • wyrme, werm, worm ‘snake, reptile, dragon; worm; insect; vermin’
    • serpent, sarpent ‘snake, reptile; creeping thing’
    • wyver, wyvern ‘poisonous snake, viper’
    • viper, vyper, vypar, veper ‘poisonous snake; viper’
    • snake, snayke, snack ‘snake’
    • meldew, mildew ‘honey-dew, mildew’
    • melk ‘milk’
    • huni, honi ‘honey’
    • furre ‘hair of certain animals growing thick upon the skin, hence, the coat of such animals’
    • hær, hêr, heer ‘hair’
    • har, hor
    • venaison ‘game (meat), specifically the meat of larger animals’
    • rage, ragge, ragg ‘tattered or ragged cloth; tattered clothing’
    • foun, faon, faune, fawn ‘young animal; young fallow deer’
    • do, doo ‘doe, female deer; female hare/rabbit’
    • roe ‘roe deer’
    • elke, alke ‘elk, moose’
    • hind ‘female (red) deer’
    • best, beest, beeste ‘animal’
    • stagg, stagge, stag ‘stag; male red deer’
    • hert, hart ‘the male of the (red) deer’
    • deor ‘animal; deer’
    • ærn, erne ‘eagle (generic)’
    • rafne, raven ‘raven’
    • egle ‘(golden) eagle’
  • Middle High German
    • elch, elhe ‘elk, moose’
    • miltou ‘honey-dew; mildew’
    • raben, rabe, rab ‘raven’
    • rappe, rapp ‘raven’
    • vuhs ‘fox’
    • vühsinne ‘vixen’
    • vohe ‘vixen, fox’
    • wisant, wisent, wisen ‘bison’
    • ruobe, rüebe ‘turnip’
    • eren, ern ‘to plough’
    • vet ‘fat’
    • wahs ‘wax’
    • maz ‘food’
    • wīn ‘wine’
    • vogel ‘bird’
    • veiz, veiz̧et, veiz̧t ‘fat’
    • ohse ‘ox’
    • kuo ‘cow (generic & specific)’
    • stier ‘bull’
    • weide, weid ‘feed, food, pasture’
    • nōz ‘cattle, livestock’
    • vihe, vehe, vëhe, vih, vie, vê ‘cattle’
    • schâf ‘sheep’
    • pantier, pantēr, pantel ‘large spotted cat’
    • iuwel, iule ‘owl’
    • part, parde ‘leopard’
    • würgen, wurgen ‘to strangle’
    • erwergen ‘to strangle’
    • ber, bēr ‘bear’
    • bin, bine ‘bee’
    • küchen ‘chicken’
    • zickelīn ‘kid’
    • kiz, kitze ‘kid, young of the goat’
    • verkel, varchelīn ‘piglet, young pig’
    • knīf
    • wite, wit ‘tree; wood’
    • gold-, golt ‘gold’
    • kupfer, kopfer ‘copper’
    • herbest ‘autumn’
    • lenze ‘spring’
    • langez ‘spring’
    • naba ‘hub, nave’
    • segense, seinse ‘scythe’
    • schære, schær ‘scissors, shears’
    • sichel ‘sickle’
    • vlahs
    • hopfe ‘hops’
    • ackes ‘axe’
    • vîle, vîgel ‘file’
    • joch ‘yoke’
    • jiuch ‘a land measure’
    • wagen ‘wagon’
    • dëhse, dëhsel ‘adxe’
    • helm-barte ‘halberd’
    • barte ‘broad axe’
    • lanze ‘lance, spear’
    • vël ‘hide, skin; fur, fleece’
    • gēr ‘spear’
  • Middle Low German
    • sper ‘spear’
    • knīp ‘knife’
    • knīf ‘knife’
    • hert, herte ‘heart (organ)’
    • barde ‘broad axe’
    • vîle ‘file’
    • hoppe ‘hops’
    • vlas ‘flax’
    • spade ‘spade’
    • schēre ‘scissors, shears’
    • seisene, seinse, sein ‘scythe’
    • sekele ‘sickle’
    • harl, harle, harrel, herle ‘stalk of flax’
    • nāve ‘hub, nave’
    • asse ‘axle’
    • wagen, wage ‘wagon’
    • somer, sommer, samer ‘summer’
    • lente ‘spring’
    • hervest, hervst ‘autumn’
    • silver, sulver ‘silver’
    • ēr, ēre ‘ore; metal; copper, brass’
    • rotse ‘rock’
    • stēnrotse
    • stēn ‘stone’
    • verk, verken, ferken ‘pig, piglet’
    • swîn ‘pig, swine (generic)’
    • küken ‘chicken’
    • bene, beine ‘bee’
    • bîe, beie ‘bee’
    • wulf ‘wolf’
    • tike ‘bitch’
    • rekel ‘large farm dog’
    • pard, parde, part, pardel ‘leopard’
    • pantēr, pantel-dēr ‘large spotted cat’
    • lauwe, louwe ‘lion’
    • stōt, stōd-, tote, tōte ‘female horse’
    • nōt- ‘bovine, cattle’
    • weiden ‘to hunt with falcons’
    • bulle ‘bull’
    • kô ‘cow’
    • osse ‘ox, male bovine’
    • bōke ‘beech’
    • harte, herte ‘deer (generic)’
    • wīn ‘wine’
    • salt, solt ‘salt’
    • metworst ‘a kind of sausage’
    • met ‘lean pork’
    • vēt ‘fat, pork fat’
    • vet ‘fat, greasy’
    • talch ‘tallow’
    • weven ‘to weave’
    • weiten, wêten ‘wheaten’
    • wēte, weite ‘wheat’
    • haver, havere ‘oats’
    • nader, ader, adder, edder ‘viper’
    • snake ‘snake; grass snake’
    • worm ‘any crawling creature; worm, insect, scorpion, snake, dragon’
    • meldouw, meldouwe, mehlthau ‘canker, rust’
    • rē ‘roe deer’
    • raven, rave ‘raven’
    • dêr, dêrt ‘animal’
  • Old English
    • dēor ‘beast, esp. quadruped; wild animal’
    • heorot, heort ‘hart, male deer’
    • hræfn, hraebn, hræmn ‘raven’
    • earn ‘eagle (generic)’
    • rā, rāha ‘roe deer’
    • eolh, ē̆ola ‘elk, moose’
    • stagga, *stacga ‘male (red) deer’
    • hind ‘female deer’
    • meoloc, meolc ‘milk’
    • mildēaw, meledêaw ‘honey-dew, nectar’
    • hǣring, hēring ‘herring’
    • pilece, pylece ‘outer garment made of animal skin with the fur used as a lining’
    • hunig ‘honey’
    • dā ‘female fallow deer’
    • wyrm, weorm, wurm ‘snake, reptile, dragon; worm; insect’
    • wurma ‘purple snail, woad’
    • snaca ‘snake’
    • nǣ̆dre, næddre ‘snake (generic), viper; dragon’
    • neder ‘snake (generic), viper; dragon’
    • fox ‘fox; trickster, cheat’
    • hara ‘hare’
    • ryge ‘rye’
    • bærlíc ‘(of or pertaining to) barley’
    • bere, bær ‘barley’
    • blēd, blǣd ‘leaf; harvest; blade’
    • hwǣte ‘wheat’
    • sāwan ‘to sow’
    • ęrian ‘to plough’
    • fælging, fylging ‘fallow field’
    • næp ‘turnip’
    • æpl, appel ‘apple’
    • corn ‘seed, kernel; particle; (fruit of) cereal; (generic) cereal’
    • atae, atte, æte, ate ‘oat’
    • cyrnel ‘(generic) grain, cereal’
    • gréot ‘earth, sand, grit’
    • *grotan ‘crushed oats’
    • hlāf ‘bread’
    • wefan ‘to weave’
    • seowian, siwian ‘to sew’
    • spinnan ‘to spin’
    • fǽtt ‘fat’
    • flāsc, flæsc ‘flesh; meat’
    • mete ‘food’
    • meodo ‘mead’
    • weax ‘wax’
    • sealt ‘salt’
    • wīn ‘wine’
    • berc, beorc ‘birch’
    • æsc ‘ash tree; spear (poetic)’
    • dalc, dolc, dalk ‘pin, brooch, clasp, buckle’
    • bierce, byrce, birce, birciae ‘birch’
    • fugel, fugol, fugul ‘bird’
    • smeoru ‘fat, grease, tallow’
    • fell, fel ‘skin, hide’
    • hýd ‘skin’
    • stān ‘stone’
    • trēow, trēo ‘tree’
    • wudu, widu, wiodu ‘tree; wood (material); forest’
    • hǣr ‘hair’
    • oxa ‘ox’
    • cealf, calfur ‘calf’
    • cū ‘cow’
    • *bulla ‘bull’
    • bulluc ‘young bull, bull calf’
    • stīrc, stȳrc, stȳric, stīorc ‘calf; young bullock; heifer’
    • stēor ‘young bull or ox, especially castrated’
    • gold ‘gold’
    • wull ‘wool’
    • feoh, fioh ‘cattle, property, money’
    • mere, myre ‘mare’
    • wáð ‘hunting, wandering’
    • wæðan ‘to wander, to hunt’
    • hors ‘horse’
    • nēat ‘a bovine animal: ox, bullock, cow, heifer’
    • cwic, cwicu, cucu ‘alive’
    • hriþeru
    • hrīþer, hrīðer, hryþer, hruðer ‘cow, bovine’
    • bearg, bearh ‘castrated boar’
    • stōd ‘stud, herd of horses’
    • assa, assen ‘donkey’
    • scéap, scǽp, scēp, scīp ‘sheep’
    • weðer ‘ram; wether’
    • hamelian ‘to mutilate’
    • léona ‘lioness’
    • pandher ‘large spotted cat’
    • lēo, léon, lēon ‘lion’
    • ūle ‘owl’
    • pard ‘leopard or similar large cat’
    • wyrigan, wirgan ‘to strangle’
    • bār ‘boar, male pig; wild boar’
    • bera ‘bear’
    • wulf ‘wolf’
    • wylf ‘wolf’
    • duce ‘duck’
    • *dūcan ‘to duck, to dive’
    • cicen ‘the young of the hen; its meat’
    • henn ‘hen’
    • cocc, coc, kok ‘cock, rooster’
    • swīn ‘pig, swine (generic)’
    • sū, sugu ‘sow, female pig’
    • gilte ‘sow’
    • faerh, fearh ‘(young) pig’
    • ēanian ‘(of a ewe) to bring forth lambs’
    • gæten ‘of goat’
    • gāt ‘she-goat; goat’
    • leðer ‘leather’
    • stānrocc ‘rock formation; cliff, crag, etc.’
    • *rocc ‘mass of rock’
    • timber ‘a building; the process of building; building materials; wood as building material’
    • holt ‘wood (small forest)’
    • bræs ‘generic bronze’
    • seolfor, siolufr, sylfor ‘silver’
    • ār, ǣr ‘brass, bronze, copper’
    • ǣren ‘iron, brazen’
    • coper, copor ‘copper’
    • sumer, sumor ‘summer’
    • scieran ‘to cut, to shave’
    • furh ‘furrow’
    • sprynge ‘spring, water source’
    • springan, sprincan ‘to spring, to burst out; to grow’
    • lencten ‘spring’
    • æcer ‘field’
    • feld, feald ‘field’
    • weald ‘wood’
    • wægn, wægen, wǽn ‘wagon’
    • hwēol, hweohhol ‘wheel’
    • *eax ‘axle’
    • *eax-tréow ‘axle; axle-tree’
    • nafa, nabu, nebu, nafu ‘hub, nave; the central part or block of a (usually spoked) wheel, into which the end of the axle is inserted, and from which the spokes radiate’
    • síðe ‘scythe’
    • *sigði ‘scythe’
    • hærfest, hęrfest ‘harvest; autumn; harvest season’
    • scēara ‘(pair of) scissors’
    • sicol, sicel ‘sickle’
    • fleax ‘flax’
    • līn ‘flax’
    • berige ‘berry, esp. grape, gooseberry’
    • wīnberge, wīnberige ‘grape’
    • sagu ‘saw’
    • féol ‘file’
    • plōh ‘ploughland, a large measure of land; plough’
    • sulh ‘plough’
    • scofl ‘shovel’
    • pāl ‘stake, stave, stick’
    • spadu ‘spade’
    • adesa, eadesa, adese ‘adze’
    • geoc ‘yoke’
    • bill ‘broadsword, halberd, various forms of bladed weapon’
    • acus, æsc, æx ‘axe’
    • box, boxe ‘shrub or tree of the genus Buxus’
    • sweord ‘sword’
    • strǣl ‘ray, beam, stick, arrow’
    • bolt ‘bolt, arrow’
    • cnīf ‘knife’
    • culter ‘knife; cutting part of a plough’
    • spere ‘spear’
    • gār ‘spear’
    • earh ‘arrow’
    • boga ‘bow; arc, arch’
  • Old Frisian
    • spere, spiri ‘spear’
    • knīf ‘knife’
    • swerd ‘sword’
    • spada ‘spade’
    • wein ‘wagon’
    • feld ‘field’
    • herfst
    • selover, selver, selvir, silver, sulver ‘silver’
    • timber ‘timber’
    • stēn ‘stone’
    • swīn ‘pig, swine (generic)’
    • wolf ‘wolf’
    • wergia ‘to strangle, to kill’
    • lawa ‘lion’
    • homelian ‘to mutilate’
    • skêp, schêp ‘sheep’
    • hrīther, rīther, rēther, rēder, rēr ‘bovine animal’
    • fel, ful ‘skin’
    • fat ‘fat’
    • wîn ‘wine’
    • wax ‘wax’
    • mete ‘food’
    • *weva ‘to weave’
    • appel ‘apple’
    • era, ara ‘to plough’
    • hasa ‘hare’
  • Old High German
    • wisunt, wisant ‘bison’
    • voha, foha ‘vixen’
    • fuhs ‘fox’
    • rappo ‘raven’
    • raban, rabo, hraban, hrabo, hram ‘raven’
    • militou ‘honey-dew; mildew’
    • elaho, elho ‘elk, moose’
    • erran, erien, erren ‘to plough’
    • ruoba, ruoppa ‘turnip’
    • feiz̧z̧it ‘fat’
    • smalz ‘fat, lard’
    • maz ‘food’
    • wahs ‘wax’
    • wīn, win ‘wine’
    • fel ‘skin (animal and human), pelt’
    • gold, golt, colt ‘gold’
    • stior ‘bull’
    • kuo, chuo ‘cow’
    • ohso ‘ox’
    • nōz ‘cattle, livestock’
    • fihu ‘cattle, animal, money’
    • weida ‘fodder, pasture, hunting, fishing; wandering, roaming’
    • scāf ‘sheep’
    • lewo, leo ‘lion’
    • bēr ‘(wild) boar’
    • wurgen ‘to strangle; to worry, to kill by violence’
    • warg ‘devil; criminal’
    • pardo ‘leopard, panther’
    • ūwila, ūla ‘owl’
    • farhilī, farhilīn, farhelîn ‘piglet, young pig’
    • chizzī, kizzī, chizzīn, kizzīn ‘goat kid’
    • zickīn ‘kid, young goat’
    • fogal, fugal ‘bird’
    • bini ‘bee’
    • witu, wito ‘tree; wood (material)’
    • silabar, silbir ‘silver’
    • kupfar, chuphar ‘copper’
    • lenzo ‘spring’
    • langiz, langaz ‘spring’
    • lengizin, lenzin ‘spring’
    • naba ‘hub, nave’
    • ahsala, ahsla ‘shoulder; armpit’
    • ackus ‘axe’
    • fîla, fîgila, fîhala ‘file’
    • juh, joh ‘yoke’
    • happa, heppa ‘sickle-shaped knife’
    • wagan ‘wagon’
    • dehsa, dehsala ‘adze’
    • barta ‘axe’
    • flahs ‘flax’
    • hopfo ‘hops’
    • herbist ‘harvest; autumn’
    • skâr, skâri ‘scissors’
    • scāra ‘scissors’
    • sichila, sihila ‘sickle’
    • segansa ‘scythe’
    • pfīl ‘javelin, arrow’
    • gēr ‘spear’
  • Old Saxon
    • sper ‘spear’
    • pīl ‘arrow, javelin’
    • swerd ‘sword’
    • segisna ‘scythe’
    • spado ‘spade’
    • *flahs ‘flax’
    • barda ‘axe’
    • juk ‘yoke’
    • fīla ‘file’
    • akus ‘axe’
    • naba, nava ‘hub, nave’
    • feld ‘field’
    • hẹrvist ‘autumn (?)’
    • siluƀar, siloƀar ‘silver’
    • ēr ‘ore; brass’
    • leðar ‘leather’
    • wulf ‘wolf’
    • bī ‘bee’
    • swîn ‘pig, swine (generic)’
    • bēr ‘boar’
    • nōt, nōtil
    • hrīth ‘bovine animal’
    • fugal, fugol ‘bird’
    • wîn, win ‘wine’
    • meti ‘food’
    • hwēti ‘wheat’
    • rēho ‘roe deer’
    • milidou ‘honey-dew, mildew’
    • ram ‘raven (?)’
    • hraƀan ‘raven’
    • nādra, nādara ‘viper’
    • wurm ‘worm; snake’
  • Swiss German
    • Nooss ‘young sheep or goat’
  • Classical Greek
    • ságma ‘load, harness, saddle’
    • sápō ‘to stuff, compress, pack, load, equip’
    • párdalis, párdalios ‘leopard, panther’
    • léōn ‘lion’
    • lýnx, lynkós ‘lynx’
    • pántʰēr ‘large spotted cat, panther’
    • tʰṓs, tʰōós ‘jackal; ferret’
    • bísōn ‘wisent, (European) bison’
    • knē̂kos ‘safflower’
    • nâpy ‘mustard’
    • hypʰaínō ‘to weave, warp; devise, produce’
    • hypʰḗ ‘web; fabric’
    • hýpʰos ‘fabric’
    • kýprios ‘of/from Cyprus’
    • Kýpros ‘Cyprus’
    • ókʰos ‘cart, carriage, vehicle’
    • ékʰō ‘to carry, transport’
  • Modern Greek
    • vísonas ‘bison’
    • gáta ‘cat’
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan
    • *bhergo-, *bhergā- ‘birch’
  • Sanskrit
    • citrakāya ‘speckled-body; tiger, panther’
    • citraka- ‘speckled, variegated; leopard’
    • śṛkāla-, śr̥gālá- ‘jackal’
    • ūrṇāvábhi- ‘spider (lit. 'wool-weaver')’
    • ubh- ‘to bind, fetter’
    • vahana-, vāhana- ‘chariot’
    • vah- ‘to ride’
    • vā́has- ‘vessel’
    • vāhá- ‘draught animal, vessel’
    • vahitra- ‘ship’
    • nā́bhi- ‘navel; nave; centre’
    • nábhya- ‘hub (of wheel)’
  • Hindi
    • cītā, chītā ‘hunting leopard; leopard’
  • Avestan
    • ham- ‘summer’
  • Proto-Italic
    • *jung-e/o-, -jug-, jug-o-, joug-es-, joug-s-mn-to-
    • *fēto-
    • *tekse/o-
    • *wīno-
    • *rāpo-
    • *grāno-
    • *weip-es-ā-?
    • *serpe/o-
    • *kolos-ro-?
    • *korwo-
    • *pelni-
    • *wēnā-je/o- ‘to hunt’
    • *wēn-o/ā- ‘hunting’
    • *wekti-
    • *pins- ‘to grind’
    • *argento-
    • *līno- ‘flax’
    • *po-e/omo- ‘taken off, picked’
    • *arkuo-, *arkʷo- ‘bow’
    • *k(e/o)l-tro- ‘knife’
  • Catalan
    • llança ‘lance, spear’
    • poll ‘chick, chicken’
    • raïm ‘grape (generic)’
    • poma ‘apple’
    • pom ‘fruit’
    • pica ‘pike’
    • nap ‘turnip’
    • poll ‘louse’
    • roca ‘rock; stone’
    • pollastre ‘chicken’
  • French
    • panthère ‘panther; leopard, esp. melanistic’
    • léopard ‘leopard’
    • guépard ‘cheetah’
    • chacal ‘jackal’
    • veau ‘calf, meat of calf’
    • navet ‘turnip’
    • navette ‘rape plant; rape seed’
    • grain ‘(generic) grain, cereal; small seed; small fruit, such as grapes or peppercorns; particle’
    • bison ‘bison’
    • rabouillère ‘burrow where the female rabbit gives birth to and nurses its young’
    • rabotte ‘rabbit’
    • rabot ‘carpenterʼs plane’
    • cangue ‘heavy wooden collar or yoke, formerly used in China to punish criminals’
    • hallebarde ‘halberd’
    • hache ‘axe’
    • hachette ‘small axe’
    • hache d'armes ‘battle-axe’
    • pomme ‘apple’
    • grappe ‘(hanging) bunch of grapes or other fruit, or of flowers; hook’
    • roche ‘large mass of stone’
    • rocher ‘mass of stone, esp. high, visible, above ground-level, etc.’
    • wagon ‘railway carriage’
    • lance ‘lance, spear’
  • Friulian
    • lance ‘lance, spear’
  • Italian
    • lancia ‘lance, spear’
    • roccia ‘rock; bedrock’
    • rocca ‘citadel raised upon rock; stone, rock’
    • grappa ‘hook; metal support’
    • grappo ‘act of seizing’
    • grappare ‘to seize’
    • grappolo ‘bunch of grapes’
    • pomo ‘fruit; knob’
    • alabarda ‘halberd’
    • picca ‘pike’
    • lonza ‘leopard, large cat; lynx, wild cat’
    • venagione ‘hunt, hunting’
    • napello ‘aconite; wolfsbane’
    • grascia ‘abundance, profit; animal grease’
    • guadagnare ‘to gain, to profit’
    • sciacallo ‘jackal (Canis aureus)’
    • grasso ‘fat (organic substance); fat’
    • falcione ‘billhook; curved sword’
    • gattopardo ‘spotted animal, leopard; wild cat, ocelot (modern)’
    • leopardo ‘leopard’
    • leone ‘lion’
    • gatto, gatta ‘cat’
  • Late Latin
    • ganatus
    • sagmārius ‘beast of burden, horse’
    • pellicia ‘made of skins’
    • plovum ‘plough’
    • rocca ‘citadel raised upon rock’
    • cūprum ‘copper’
    • cuprum ‘copper’
    • cuprum ‘copper’
    • *coprum ‘copper’
  • Latin
    • cupreum, cyprium ‘copper; copper (lit. Cyprian metal); copper’
    • vehiculum ‘wheeled vehicle’
    • umbilīcus ‘navel; centre, middle’
    • umbō ‘boss of a shield’
    • pistillum, pistillus ‘pounder, pestle’
    • pīnsere ‘to pound, to crush’
    • pālus ‘wooden post, stake, peg’
    • iugum, jugum ‘yoke’
    • iugula ‘Orionʼs belt’
    • pōmus, pōmum ‘fruit-tree; fruit’
    • racēmus ‘bunch, cluster (of grapes or other fruit)’
    • līnea ‘linen thread; line’
    • līneus ‘flaxen’
    • līnum ‘flax plant, linseed; linen thread; linen’
    • culter, cultrī ‘knife; cutting part of a plough’
    • lancea ‘spear, lance’
    • arcus ‘bow; arch’
    • pīlum ‘javelin, spear’
    • vēnātiōnem ‘hunting’
    • vēnātus ‘hunt’
    • venatio, -ionis ‘hunt, spoils of the hunt, game’
    • vēnārī ‘to hunt’
    • ruere ‘to churn or plough up, dig out’
    • bēstia ‘beast, animal’
    • aquila ‘eagle’
    • cunīculus ‘burrow; rabbit; underground mine or tunnel’
    • bisōn ‘wisent, (European) bison’
    • corvus ‘raven’
    • colubra ‘snake, serpent; female snake’
    • serpēns ‘snake, serpent’
    • serpere ‘to crawl, to glide’
    • vīpera ‘poisonous snake’
    • grassus ‘fat, fatty, greasy’
    • crassus ‘fat’
    • texere ‘to weave, construct’
    • sēbum ‘animal fat; hard animal fat, tallow, suet, grease’
    • vīnum ‘wine’
    • napus ‘turnip’
    • rāpa, rāpum ‘turnip’
    • grānum ‘(generic) grain, cereal; grape, seed’
    • cereālis ‘pertaining to Ceres (goddess of the harvest)’
    • sagma ‘load, burden’
    • asinus ‘ass, donkey; wooden support piece for a roof’
    • jungere ‘to put in the yoke, to join’
    • fētus ‘having recently given birth; fertile’
    • fētus ‘parturition, breeding, offspring’
    • argentum ‘silver’
    • thōs ‘jackal; (spotted) wild dog’
    • pellis ‘skin; hide; pelt’
    • cattus ‘cat (wild, later domesticated)’
    • pullus ‘young chicken; young of an animal, esp. young cock, hen; foal’
    • lynx ‘lynx’
    • leopardus ‘leopard’
    • panthēra ‘leopard or other large spotted cat’
    • leō, leōnis ‘lion’
    • pardalis ‘leopard, panther’
    • pardus ‘leopard, panther’
  • Middle French
    • pard ‘leopard, panther’
    • panthere ‘leopard or other large spotted cat’
    • once ‘lynx’
    • lion ‘lion’
    • poulet, poulette ‘young chicken, young hen, young fowl’
    • fauchon ‘small scythe’
    • naveau ‘turnip’
    • navet ‘turnip’
    • conin, connin, conil, connil, cunis ‘rabbit’
    • *rabotte ‘rabbit’
    • *robotte ‘rabbit’
    • pile ‘javelin’
    • lance ‘spear, lance’
    • pon, pom
    • pike, pique ‘a weapon, short spear’
    • pestel ‘club-shaped instrument in a mortar’
    • argent ‘silver’
  • Occitan
    • vagon ‘railway carriage’
    • poma ‘apple’
    • pom ‘apple’
    • lansa ‘lance, spear’
    • bison ‘bison’
    • chacal, chacala ‘jackal’
    • guadanhar ‘to gain, to profit’
    • leupard ‘leopard’
  • Old French
    • pantere ‘leopard or other large spotted cat’
    • lonce ‘lynx’
    • leopard, lebard, leupard ‘leopard’
    • soc ‘plough-share’
    • somer, sumer, somier ‘beast of burden’
    • guaaignage ‘'produce of the land, profit; arable land; pasture'’
    • craisse, graisse, gresse ‘fat (organic substance); animal or human fat’
    • serpent ‘snake’
    • vipere, vipre
    • guivre, givre, vouivre, vivre, wyvre, wivre ‘(poisonous) snake; viper’
    • corb ‘raven’
    • eigle, egle, aille ‘eagle’
    • beste ‘beast, animal’
    • faon, faün ‘young of a wild animal; young deer’
    • veneson, veneisun, venison, venoison ‘hunt, game’
    • forrëure ‘animal skin with its fur; garment made of furs’
    • forrer ‘to line a garment with fur’
    • fuerre ‘sheath’
    • nef ‘rape plant; turnip’
    • tissu ‘belt; woven headband; dress’
    • tistre ‘to weave’
    • seu, sieu, siu, sui ‘melted animal fat, tallow; vegetal grease’
    • lance ‘spear, lance’
    • arc ‘bow, curve, arch’
    • pon, pom ‘apple’
    • grappe ‘(hanging) bunch of grapes or other fruit, or of flowers; hook’
    • raisin ‘grape; fruit of the vine’
    • hallebarde ‘halberd’
    • hachete ‘small axe’
    • hache ‘axe’
    • pestel ‘pounder, pestle’
    • coevre ‘copper’
    • roche, roce ‘large mass of stone, cliff, crag; detached mass of stone; stone as a material for construction; cave, cavern; fortress built on a rock, citadel’
    • rochier ‘mass of stone at ground level’
  • Old Italian
    • accia ‘axe’
    • grappo ‘bunch of grapes’
    • grappa ‘hook’
    • poma ‘fruit’
    • pómo ‘fruit tree’
    • pardo ‘speckled animal, leopard’
  • Old Provençal
    • acheta ‘small axe’
    • apcha ‘axe’
  • Old Spanish
    • pardo ‘leopard’
    • onza ‘lynx’
    • onça ‘lynx’
  • Portuguese
    • onça ‘jaguar (Brazil & Portugal); puma (Brazil & Portugal); leopard (Angola)’
    • cobra ‘snake (generic)’
    • veada ‘female deer (generic)’
    • veado ‘deer (generic); venison’
    • veação ‘hunting’
    • nabo ‘turnip’
    • nabiça ‘turnip greens’
    • chita ‘cheetah’
    • rocha ‘stone; rock’
    • chacal ‘jackal’
    • garranhão ‘stallion’
    • canga ‘yoke for oxen, porterʼs yoke; ox-yoke; servitude, oppression; ox-yoke; servitude, oppression’
    • pica, pique ‘pike, lance’
    • vagão ‘railway carriage’
    • lança ‘lance, spear’
  • Provençal
    • lansa ‘lance, spear’
    • grapa, grapo ‘hook, claw’
    • graps ‘hollow of the hand’
    • saumiero ‘beast of burden’
    • leou, leoun ‘lion’
    • nap ‘turnip’
    • gran, gra ‘grain, cereal’
    • grana ‘grain, particle’
    • venaizo, venazo
    • sèrp ‘snake’
  • Romanian
    • nap ‘turnip’
    • lance ‘lance, spear’
  • Sardinian
    • lantza ‘lance, spear’
  • Spanish
    • lanza ‘lance, spear’
    • poma ‘fruit; apple’
    • grapa ‘staple, clamp’
    • pica ‘pike’
    • vehiculo ‘vehicle; means of transport’
    • roca ‘stone, rock (as natural mineral aggregate)’
    • nabo ‘turnip’
    • lince ‘lynx’
    • guepardo ‘cheetah’
    • burro ‘donkey’
    • garañón ‘large donkey stallion’
  • Vulgar Latin
    • *falciōn, *falciōnem
    • *crassia ‘fatty’
    • *wipera
    • *luncea ‘wild cat’
    • bestia ‘beast, animal’
    • *racīmus
  • Walloon
    • rotche ‘rock’
    • robète, robett ‘rabbit’
  • Turkish
    • chakāl ‘jackal’
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian
    • ---
  • Medieval Latin
    • uncea ‘lynx’
    • hupa ‘hops’
  • Stub proto-form
    • *kors-uo-
    • *dolgh-eie-
    • *sph̥2-dh-on-
    • *h₂egʷis-ih₂-
    • *krs-Vk-ā-
    • *pe/ol-es-o-
    • *pel-nó-
    • *ǵneibh-o-, *ǵneibh-on-
    • *(h₁)uidh-u-
    • *kold-o-
    • *silubhr-
    • *uólH-tu-
    • *h₂erk-uh₂-
    • *ghois-ó-
    • *sperH-u-
    • *streh1-lo/eh2
    • *suer-dhro-
    • *uisond-, *uisondh-
    • *snegh-
    • *neh₁tr-éh₂-
    • *krobh-on-(?)
    • *Hroik-on-
    • *dheus-ó-
    • *kuH-tí-
    • *kn̥h₂-onḱ-o-
    • *dolgh-o/eh₂-
    • *mod-i-
    • *uoḱs-o-
    • *rā̆p(h )-
    • *pol(h₁)(ḱ )-éh₂-
    • *bhar-es-
    • *bheuh₂-o-
    • *rugh-i-
    • *bhl-én-
    • *ḱom-olo-
    • *krs-neh₂-
    • *mark-o-
    • *bhoru-ḱo-
    • *uérǵh-e-
    • *urǵh-ie-
    • *luk-so- ‘lynx’
    • *ghol-tó-
    • *kap-ro-
    • *ghaid-
    • *dig(h  )-eh₂-
    • *kh₂n-on-
  • Anglo-Norman
    • *suet, *sewet
    • pestel, pestle ‘club-shaped instrument for grinding food, etc. in a mortar; the foreleg of an animal used as food’
  • Old Franconian
    • *waidanjan
  • Old Catalan
    • part ‘leopard, panther (?)’
    • onça, unça ‘lynx’