• Eurasia
  • Proto-Indo-European
    • *k^wo-h₃k^wo-
    • *lewh₃-  ‘wash'’
    • *HrewH- ‘'that which is plucked, scratched, sheared'’
    • *meh₁-, *moh₁-ro- ‘great'’
    • *h₃ol-yo- ‘all'’
    • *potr / *ptn-os ‘wing'’
    • *kneh₂- ‘'bite, gnaw'’
    • *d^hub^h-
    • *welh₂_/₃- ‘wound'’
    • *konh₂m ‘leg'’
    • *pektu- ‘breast'’
    • *deh₂u- ‘burn, kindle'’
    • *yeg- ‘ice'’
    • *h₃ewg- ‘cold'’
    • *to- + *bhewh₂- ‘that' + 'be, become'’
    • *to- + *menH- ‘that' + 'tread, stamp on'’
    • *g^weh₂- ‘tread'’
    • *g^weh₂- + *g^hHb^h- ‘tread' + ?’
    • *neḱu-
    • *g^welh₁-  ‘throw'’
    • *ḱreh₁(y)- ‘separate, sieve'’
    • *ḱlews-t-  ‘hear'’
    • *telh₂-m- ‘'surface, support'’
    • *ter-s- ‘dry'’
    •  *tk^wreh₁yot- 
    • *g^weyh₃-, *gweyh₃- ‘live'; to live’
    • *lewko- ‘'bright, shining'’
    • *seh₂wōl ‘sun'’
    • *derḱ-  ‘'glance at'’
    • *g^wher- ‘'warm, heat'’
    • *tep-  ‘'be warm'’
    • *h₂eyd^hos ‘firewood'’
    • *potr / *ptn-os ‘wing'’
    • *treg^h- ‘'run, walk'’
    • *koḱso- ‘'hollow of joint'’
    • *wesu- ‘excellent'’
    • *meh₂-t-
    • *ǵ^helh₃- ‘'yellow, green'’
    • *kes- ‘'comb, scratch'; comb’
    • *gowr, gen. *gun-os ‘animal hair’
    • *plh₂meh₂ ‘palm, hand'’
    • *sent- ‘'head for, go'’
    • *bend- ‘point, pin'’
    • *g^when- ‘'strike, slay'’
    • *h₃erg- ‘perish'’
    • *weyk- ‘fight, conquer'’
    • *g^wist- ‘'twig, finger'’
    • *uper- ‘over'’
    •  *pek^w ‘cook, bake’
    • *trewd- + *ḱerd- ‘thrust, press' + 'heart'’
    • *seh₁-ro- ‘'long lasting'’
    • *k^weyH- ‘rest'’
    • *lewH-, *luH- ‘louse’
    • *swer- ‘wound'’
    • *d^huHno-  ‘enclosure'’
    • *b^herǵ^h-o-
    • *sley-b^ho-
    • *b^hers- ‘point'’
    • *bend- ‘point, pin'’
    • *ǵoph₃o- ‘'eat, masticate (of animals)'’
    • *ǵenu- ‘jaw'’
    • *men-t- ‘'jaw'’
    • *ǵoph₃o- ‘eat, masticate (of animals)'’
    • *g^werh₃- ‘swallow'’
    • *puh₂-ro- ‘'pure, clean'’
    • *sreg^h- ‘snore'’
    • *trognī
    • *suH- ‘pig, swine (orig. sow)’
    • *welk-wo- ‘wet'’
    • *d^herg-  ‘dark'’
    • *wed^h-, *weǵ^h- ‘to lead, to carry; to bind’
    • *sent- ‘'head for, go'’
    • *g^wōw-, *gwōw- ‘cow'; cow’
    • *b^hel-, *bhel- ‘to blow, grow, swell'; swell (?)’
    • *sek^w- ‘say'’
    • *derḱ- 
    • *wel-o- ‘see'’
    • *k^weys- ‘perceive'’
    • *skn-to-
    • *tend- ‘cut'’
    • *(s)kewb^h- ‘lie'’
    • *(s)telH- ‘'be quiet, be still'’
    • *swopno- ‘sleep'’
    • *b^heg- ‘to break'’
    • *h₁le(n)g^wh- ‘small, light'’
    • *d^huh₂-yo- ‘'make smoke, fumigate'’
    • *meǵh₂- ‘great’
    • *leh₁- ‘stone'; stone’
    • *ḱrn-o- > *ḱrn-u- (?) ‘horn'’
    • *g^hreh₁(w)- ‘'grind'’
    • *tam + *so
    • *seh₂ + ud
    • *so
    • *seh₂
    • *so
    • *seh_{2 (+*do)}
    • *doru, *doru-, *derwo-, *dreus ‘tree, wood’
    • *wid^hu-, *widhu- ‘wood'; wood’
    • *k^wres- ‘'bush, thicket'’
    • *kayto- ‘'wood, field'; wood, field’
    • *b^holh₃yo-
    • *kerd- ‘'swing'’
    • *keng-o- ‘'tread, step, walk (lamely)'’
    • *(H)roth₂o-, *(H)roth₂-o- ‘wheel’
    • *d^hub^h- ‘black'’
    • *k^wid  ‘what'’
    • *b^heh₂- ‘shine'’
    • *ǵ^helh₃- ‘'yellow, green'’
    • *d^hǵ^hom-yo-
    • *bodyo-  ‘yellow'’
    • *b^hleh₂- (?) ‘yellow'’
    • *tawro-
    • *h₃es-n- ‘ash tree’
    • *d^helg-, *dhelg- ‘to stick (v.), needle (n.); sting’
    • *wlh₂no- ‘wool’
    • *h₁rewd^h ‘red’
    • *b^has-
    • *d^herg- ‘dark’
    • *ǵ^helh₃-  ‘yellow, green’
    • *ǵ^helh₃- ‘yellow, green’
    • *b^hleh₂- ‘yellow’
    • *dhubh- ‘black’
    • *b^heh₂-no- ‘to shine’
    • *pelHi- ‘grey’
    • *ǵ^helh₃- ‘yellow, green’
    • *welh₂- ‘hit, wound’
    • *bodyo ‘yellow’
    • *d^hews- ‘dark’
    • *(s)liHwo- ‘blue’
    • *bhln-
    • *gʷōw- ‘cow’
    • *h₂eǵHo- ‘cow’
    • *(H)h₁eģh-ih₂-m
    • *h₁eģh-
    • *uksōn, *uksōn- ‘ox’
    • *dmh₂o- ‘the tamed one’
    • *demh₂- ‘to tame; to build, construct’
    • *leh₂p- ‘cattle’
    • *mogh-u- ‘young person’
    • *meh₁lo- ‘small animal, small cattle’
    • *h₁eḱwo- ‘horse’
    • *yugo- ‘yoke’
    • *(H)reydh- ‘to ride’
    • *h₃éu-i- ‘sheep’
    • *h₁er- ‘lamb, kid’
    • *wet-ti-
    • *h₂egʷno-, *h₂egʷ-no- ‘lamb’
    • *bhuǵ-on-, *bhuǵ-on
    • *kapr- ‘he-goat’
    • *men- ‘small’
    • *s(e)m-eh₂-, *sm̥-h₂-ó- ‘year’
    • *porḱ-o-, *porḱo- ‘young pig, piglet; digger’
    • *klh₁- ‘call; call [RM]; call [RM]; call; call; call [RM]; call; call’
    • *ḱwōn, *ḱuwōn ‘dog’
    • *bhoy-ko-
    • *bhi-ko- ‘bee’
    • *gʷhen- ‘strike, slay’
    • *meli- ‘honey’
    • *waylo- ‘wolf’
    • *wlkʷo- ‘wolf’
    • *h₂rtḱo- ‘bear’
    • *tworḱo- ‘cutter, boar’
    • *h₂lop- ‘fox’
    • *ḱas-, *ḱh₂es- ‘grey, hare’
    • *(s)nh₂-tr-, *(s)nh₂-tr ‘water snake’
    • *h₃er- ‘eagle’
    • *ḱer-n-, *ḱerh₂- ‘horn; head’
    • *h₁ol-Hn-iH-
    • *h₁elh₁nih₂- ‘female elk; female red deer’
    • *(H)yorko- ‘goat’
    • *h₃ewi-keh₂- ‘little sheep’
    • *h₂ulh₁- ‘wool’
    • *keh₁u-ti- ‘skin’
    • *(s)keh₁u-ti- ‘skin’
    • *meli-t-o-
    • *m̥l-o
    • *h₂melǵ- ‘milk’
    • *seh₂l- ‘salt’
    • *seh₂l-o-
    • *medhu- ‘mead; honey’
    • *mēms-ro- ‘meat’
    • *ḱrewh₂- ‘gore, raw meat’
    • *h₃engʷ-en- ‘butter’
    • *h₃engʷ- ‘to smear, to anoint’
    • *teḱ-s- ‘to hew, to fabricate; to fashion’
    • *weg- ‘to spin, weave’
    • *sneh₁- ‘to spin’
    • *h₂erh₃-ye- ‘to plough’
    • *polḱeh₂- ‘ploughed field’
    • *seg- ‘attach, touch, sow’
    • *neyk- ‘to winnow’
    • *bhlh₁-tó-
    • *bhleh₃- ‘blossom, flower’
    • *bhleh₃-tu- ‘blossoming’
    • *bhar- ‘barley’
    • *bhar-s- ‘barley’
    • *bhar-s-in-om
    • *sh₁-s-, *sh₁es- ‘grain, corn’
    • *gʷeyh₃- ‘to live’
    • *gʷeHi-to-
    • *ǵrHno- ‘grain; grain [RM]; grain [RM]; grain; grain; grain [RM]; grain; grain; grain; grain; grain [RM]; grain; grain; grain’
    • *peytu-, *pitu- ‘food’
    • *h₂erh₃wr-, *h₂erh₃wr ‘field’
    • *h₂eph₃ol- ‘apple’
    • *sekh₁-ie/o- ‘to cut off’
    • *ser(p)- ‘sickle, cut’
    • *h₁reh₁-smo-
    • *h₁reh₁-, *h₁erh₁- ‘row’
    • *h₁rh₁-smo-
    • *h₂erh₃-tro- ‘plough’
    • *krso- ‘to run’
    • *ḱnk-t- ‘pointed object; pointed object [RM]’
    • *ḱo(n)kH- ‘branch’
    • *ḱok-(e)h₂-
    • *teḱs-slo- ‘axe’
    • *tetḱ-dhlo-
    • *tetḱ-
    • *weǵhno- ‘wagon’
    • *kʷol-o- ‘wheel’
    • *kʷo-kʷl-o-
    • *dhrogho- ‘wheel’
    • *h₃nobh-li- ‘navel, nave’
    • *h₃nbhl-
    • *gʷosdho- ‘piece of wood, sprig’
    • *gwosdho- ‘piece of wood, sprig’
    • *wol-t- ‘hair’
    • *(H)rewHos- ‘open space’
    • *prkeh₂- ‘furrow’
    • *kelh₂- ‘hit, break’
    • *ǵhyem- ‘winter’
    • *ues-r/n- ‘spring’
    • *smH- ‘warm season, summer’
    • *leh₁t- ‘warm part of the year (?)’
    • *HoHmo- ‘raw’
    • *h₂erǵ-nt-o- ‘silver’
    • *kʷres- ‘bush, thicket’
    • *glend- ‘shore’
    • *lh₁us-
    • *lh₁w-
    • *pel- ‘stone’
    • *plso
    • *kuHti- ‘skin’
    • *sḱey-no-
    • *sḱey- ‘to cut’
    • *ǵhoyso- ‘spear’
    • *bhewg(h)- ‘bend’
    • *bhéugh-
    • *weyh₁-ro- ‘turned, twisted’
    • *pel- ‘to skin; hide’
    • *ǵhuH-e-/*ǵ^houH-e-/*ǵhewH- ‘call, invoke’
    • *pet-
    • *h₁leym- ‘elm’
  • Proto-Celtic
    • *krok(ke)no-
    • *tār-
    • *kīkā
    • *to-unk-syon- ‘understanding’
    • *klukā + *k^wenno- ‘stone + head’
    • *kīkos- 
    • *tarwo-
    • *osno- ‘ash tree’
    • *betu- ‘birch’
    • *delgo- ‘pin, needle’
    • *wlāno-,*wulāno-, *wlano-, *wulano- ‘wool’
    • *rowdo-  ‘red’
    • *basko-  ‘red’
    • *dergo-  ‘red, blood-red’
    • *gurmo-  ‘dun, dark’
    • *glasto-  ‘green, blue’
    • *gelo-  ‘yellow, white’
    • *blāwo-  ‘yellow’
    • *dubu-  ‘black’
    • *bāno-  ‘white, shining’
    • *gelo-  ‘yellow, white’
    • *flēto-  ‘grey’
    • *wlanno-  ‘blood-red’
    • *dubro-  ‘dark’
    • *bodyo-  ‘yellow’
    • *dusno- ‘dark, brown’
    • *liwo-  ‘colour’
    • *ballo- ‘member, penis’
    • *bow
    • *agos- ‘cow’
    • *uxso-, *uxson-
    • *damo-, *damato- ‘bull’
    • *lāfigo- ‘calf’
    • *mogu- ‘servant’
    • *mīlo- ‘animal’
    • *ekʷo- ‘horse’
    • *markos
    • *ufo-rēdo- ‘horse’
    • *rēd-o- ‘to ride’
    • *owi-
    • *owi- ‘sheep’
    • *erbā-
    • *wessi- ‘sow, young female pig’
    • *molto- ‘ram; wether’
    • *owigno- ‘lamb’
    • *bukko- ‘male goat’
    • *gabro- ‘he-goat’
    • *gabra- ‘she-goat’
    • *menno-
    • *mokku-
    • *sukko- ‘pig’
    • *forko- ‘pork, young pig’
    • *banwo- ‘young pig, piglet’
    • *kerkā ‘hen’
    • *kalyāko- ‘rooster’
    • *yaro- ‘chicken, hen’
    • *kʷon- ‘dog’
    • *katto- ‘cat’
    • *biko- ‘bee’
    • *gwan-o- ‘to strike, to kill’
    • *waylo-
    • *ulkʷo- ‘bad, evil’
    • *blVdV- ‘wolf, ?large predator’
    • *arto- ‘bear’
    • *tworko- ‘boar’
    • *bunno- ‘owl, bittern’
    • *loferno- ‘fox’
    • *kasni- ‘hare’
    • *natrik- ‘serpent’
    • *brano- ‘raven’
    • *wesāko-, *wesākko-, *wesakko- ‘grebe; raven’
    • *eriro- ‘eagle’
    • *widu- ‘wood’
    • *karwo- ‘deer’
    • *elantī ‘doe, hind’
    • *elanī ‘doe, hind’
    • *yorko- ‘roebuck’
    • *owīkā ‘hind, doe’
    • *kīsrā ‘comb’
    • *meli ‘honey’
    • *melgos- ‘milk’
    • *mlixto- ‘milk’
    • *mlig-o- ‘to milk’
    • *bandyo- ‘drop’
    • *salano- ‘salt’
    • *sālo-
    • *medu ‘mead, alcoholic drink’
    • *Medu-genos
    • *medātu-
    • *mīros- ‘piece of meat, food’
    • *kīkā ‘meat, flesh; breast’
    • *krū- ‘blood’
    • *kruwo-
    • *gʷered- ‘animal fat, tallow’
    • *amben- ‘butter’
    • *weg-yo- ‘weave, compose’
    • *sniy-o- ‘to spin, to weave’
    • *ar-yo- ‘to plough’
    • *folkā ‘arable land’
    • *seg-yo-, seg-o- ‘to sow, to put’
    • *nixto-, *ufo-nixto- ‘to winnow; winnowed; wheat’
    • *blātu- ‘flower’
    • *barageno/ā, *barago/ā ‘(barley) bread’
    • *sasyo- ‘barley’
    • *korkkyo- ‘oats’
    • *bēto-, *biyato- ‘food’
    • *grāno- ‘grain’
    • *fitu- ‘food’
    • *arawar, *arawen- ‘grain, cereal; cultivated field’
    • *abalo- ‘apple’
    • *serrā ‘sickle’
    • *widu-biyo-
    • *rāsmo- ‘oar’
    • *aratro-
    • *karro- ‘wagon’
    • *kanxtu- ‘plough, plough-beam’
    • *kankā ‘branch’
    • *tāxslo- ‘axe’
    • *yugo- ‘yoke’
    • *wedo- ‘yoke, harness’
    • *wegno- ‘wagon’
    • *wegnyā
    • *kʷolu- ‘wheel’
    • *roto- ‘wheel, chariot’
    • *rete/o-
    • *droko- ‘wheel’
    • *ambliyon- ‘navel’
    • *buzdo- ‘tail, penis’
    • *wolto- ‘hair’
    • *magos- ‘plain, field’
    • *rowesyā ‘field, open ground’
    • *enter-frikyā
    • *frikā ‘furrow’
    • *klad-o- ‘dig, bury’
    • *gyemo- ‘winter’
    • *wesr- ‘spring’
    • *wesn- ‘spring’
    • *samo- ‘summer’
    • *latyo- ‘day’
    • *omiyo- ‘copper, bronze’
    • *īsarno-, *isarno- ‘iron’
    • *arganto- ‘silver’
    • *kayto- ‘wood’
    • *kʷresno- ‘wood, tree’
    • *daru- ‘oak’
    • *glendos- ‘valley, shore’
    • *klukā ‘stone, rock’
    • *līwank- ‘stone, pillar’
    • *laws-
    • *law-
    • *magino- ‘stone, place’
    • *fales- ‘rock, stone’
    • *fallo-
    • *kuti- ‘sack, scrotum’
    • *fletro- ‘hide, leather’
    • *skēno- ‘knife’
    • *skiy-o- ‘cut’
    • *gayso- ‘spear’
    • *buggo- ‘soft, tender’
    • *wēro- ‘crooked’
    • *kladimo-, *kladiwo- ‘sword’
    • *gladio-, *kladio- ‘sword’
    • *gdonyo- ‘human, person’
    • *danto- ‘tooth’
    • *snīs ‘we’
    • *lēmo-, *limo- ‘elm’
  • Stub PIE Swadesh
    • breast-7
    • good-9
    • green (color)-8
    • hand (not arm)-5
    • head (anatomic)-2
    • kill (v)-5
    • liver-0
    • mouth-4
    • not-1
    • root (botanics)-4
    • round-6
    • say (v)-7
    • skin (person's)-11
    • stone-8
    • stone-12
    • white (color)-3
    • white (color)-4
    • yellow (color)-4
  • Irish
    • cú ‘dog, esp. greyhound, hunting dog; hero, champion’
    • geir ‘fat, tallow, grease, suet, lard’
    • folt ‘hair (of head); locks, tresses’
    • míol ‘animal, insect, louse, creature’
    • lia ‘large piece of stone used for building, such as a pillar or a lintel’
    • ré, réidh, rae ‘level plain, field, stretch of level ground’
    • soc ‘nose; snout, plough-share, coulter’
    • cloch ‘stone; piece of stone’
    • tarbh ‘bull’
    • dealg ‘thorn, prickle, spine, spike; pin, peg, brooch, pointed implement’
    • ball ‘limb, member’
    • bó ‘cow’
    • bó allaidh ‘wild ox; buffalo’
    • buar ‘cattle’
    • aighe, agh ‘cow; ox’
    • os ‘deer’
    • oisín ‘fawn’
    • damh allaidh, damh allta ‘wild ox, elk, roebuck’
    • damh ‘ox; stag’
    • lao ‘young calf’
    • each ‘horse’
    • marcach ‘horseman’
    • fóisc ‘yearling ewe’
    • molt ‘wether; sheep’
    • úan ‘lamb’
    • boc ‘male goat’
    • gabhar ‘goat; scad; pied horse; sheaf’
    • meannán, mionnán ‘kid’
    • meinnseach ‘a kid of a year old’
    • muc ‘pig (generic); sow’
    • arc ‘piglet’
    • earcán ‘heifer calf; piglet’
    • eairc ‘litter of pigs; any animal of the cow kind’
    • banbh ‘piglet; suckling pig’
    • cearc ‘hen; chicken (generic)’
    • caileach, coileach ‘rooster; male bird’
    • circín ‘a little hen, a pullet’
    • circeoil, circfheoil ‘chicken (meat)’
    • éaróg, éireog, iaróg ‘pullet, chicken, young hen’
    • cat ‘cat’
    • faolchú ‘wolf’
    • faol ‘wolf’
    • olc ‘evil, harm’
    • bleidh- ‘any monstrous beast or fish’
    • bleidhmhíol ‘monster; whale’
    • torc ‘a wild boar; a hog, a boar’
    • nathair ‘snake, serpent (generic)’
    • nathair nimhe ‘viper; poisonous snake’
    • fiach ‘raven’
    • brain-fhiach ‘raven’
    • fiach dubh ‘(black) raven’
    • iolar ‘eagle’
    • carria, cairrfhiadh ‘a hart, a wild deer’
    • cairrfhiadh ruadh ‘a red deer’
    • eilit ‘doe, hind’
    • olann ‘wool’
    • olla, olna ‘woolen’
    • mil ‘honey’
    • bainne ‘milk; pus’
    • salann ‘salt’
    • sáile ‘saltness; sea-water, sea’
    • meá ‘mead’
    • mír ‘morsel’
    • im ‘butter’
    • figh ‘weave’
    • sníomh ‘spin, twist’
    • air ‘plough’
    • cruithneacht ‘wheat, corn’
    • bláth ‘blossom, flower’
    • coirce ‘oat (plant)’
    • coircidhe, coircidheacha ‘oats; crop of oats; corn’
    • coirce préacháin ‘crow oats, rye-grass’
    • bia, biadh ‘food’
    • gráinne ‘grain (of corn, etc); small particle, small quantity’
    • arbhar ‘cereal crop, corn (growing or before it is harvested)’
    • úll ‘apple’
    • searr ‘sickle’
    • fiodh ‘tree; wood, timber’
    • rámhainn ‘spade, hoe, a measure of ground’
    • rámh ‘oar’
    • ar ‘tillage, ploughing, husbandry’
    • aireamh ‘ploughman’
    • céacht ‘plough’
    • An Camchéachta ‘the Plough (constellation)’
    • tál fuinn ‘hoe’
    • tál ‘cooperʼs adze or axe’
    • cuing, coing ‘yoke’
    • féan, feán ‘wagon, wain’
    • roth ‘wheel’
    • rith ‘run’
    • imleacán ‘navel, centre; nave, hub’
    • clais ‘water channel; ditch, trench, furrow, rut, groove’
    • geimhreadh ‘winter’
    • earrach ‘spring’
    • samh, samhradh ‘summer’
    • Meitheamh ‘June’
    • lá, lae ‘day, daytime’
    • cré-umha ‘bronze’
    • umha ‘copper; copper alloy; bronze; brass’
    • iarann ‘iron’
    • airgead geal ‘silver coinage, silver money’
    • airgead ‘silver; money’
    • adhmad ‘wood (material); firewood; matter, stuff’
    • dair ‘oak’
    • gleann ‘valley, hollow’
    • clochar ‘stony place; stony ridge; stone building; convent’
    • maighean, maighin ‘place; steading (literary, archaic)’
    • leathar ‘leather; skin, hide’
    • scian fhada ‘sword’
    • scian ‘knife, dagger’
    • ga ‘spear, dart; ray (of sun)’
    • fiar ‘bent, warped, crooked, perverse; bend, warp, twist, kink’
    • lia ‘many’
  • Scottish Gaelic
    • cù ‘dog’
    • geir ‘fat (organic substance); tallow, fat, grease, suet’
    • falt, fuilt, fuiltean ‘human hair; locks, tresses’
    • mial, mialiach, míol ‘animal, insect, creature, louse’
    • monadh ‘mountain; hill; heath, moor’
    • clach ‘stone; stone weight; pebble, rock’
    • blàth ‘warm (of weather); blossom, flower’
    • tarbh ‘bull’
    • dealg ‘pin, skewer, needle; thorn, prickle’
    • olann, olainn ‘wool’
    • ball ‘limb, member, penis’
    • bó ‘cow; fawn’
    • buar ‘cattle, oxen; herd of cattle’
    • àgadh ‘ox’
    • os ‘elk; deer, stag’
    • damh ‘ox; hart, stag; buck’
    • laogh ‘calf; the young of a cow or deer’
    • each ‘horse; brute’
    • marc ‘horse’
    • marcach ‘horseman’
    • òthaisg ‘yearling ewe’
    • òthaisg fhireann ‘castrated ram lamb; yearling wether’
    • earb ‘female deer; roe deer’
    • mult, molt ‘wether’
    • uan ‘lamb’
    • boc ‘male animal, esp. male goat, roe-buck, non-castrated horse’
    • gobhar ‘goat; scad, mackerel; horse (obsolete); sheaf’
    • meann ‘kid, goat; young roe-deer’
    • muc ‘pig (generic); sow’
    • soc ‘snout, plough-share’
    • arc ‘sow; suckling pig’
    • uircean, arcan ‘piglet’
    • banbh ‘pig, brood sow’
    • cearc ‘hen; chicken (generic)’
    • coileach ‘rooster, cockerel; male bird of any species’
    • eireag ‘pullet, chicken, young hen’
    • cat ‘cat’
    • beach ‘bee’
    • faol-allaidh ‘wolf (lit. ʻwild-wolfʼ)’
    • faol ‘wolf’
    • olc ‘evil, harm; bad, evil, harmful’
    • torc ‘boar, hog’
    • torc-nimhe ‘wild boar’
    • torc allaidh ‘wild boar’
    • nathair ‘snake, serpent (generic)’
    • nathair nimhe ‘viper; poisonous snake’
    • fitheach ‘raven’
    • iolair ‘eagle’
    • eilid ‘hind, female of the red deer, roe’
    • mil ‘honey’
    • bliochd ‘milk’
    • bainne ‘milk, milky fluid’
    • salann ‘salt’
    • sàl ‘the sea; sea-water; salt water, brine’
    • meadh ‘mead’
    • mìr ‘bit, small piece; morsel (of bread)’
    • ìm ‘butter’
    • figh ‘weave, braid’
    • snìomh ‘twist; spin, wind (yarn)’
    • àr ‘to plough, till, cultivate; ploughing, tillage, agriculture’
    • cruithneachd ‘wheat’
    • coirce ‘oats’
    • biadh ‘food; a meal’
    • gràinne ‘grain, speck; pellet; small quantity (of something)’
    • arbhar ‘corn, growing or in sheaf; corn, grain (before threshing)’
    • ubhal ‘apple’
    • searr ‘sickle, reaping-hook; scythe; saw; generic cutting implement’
    • fiodh ‘timber, wood; wilderness ; (arch.) tree’
    • ràmh ‘oar; tree, branch; wood (small forest)’
    • àradair ‘ploughman’
    • ceata-cam ‘the Plough (constellation)’
    • tàl ‘adze’
    • cuing ‘yoke’
    • roth ‘wheel; wheel-rim’
    • ruith ‘run’
    • imleag ‘navel; nave, hub’
    • magh ‘field; plain; battlefield’
    • réidh ‘plain, level, smooth’
    • clais ‘furrow; ditch, gutter; groove, fluting’
    • geamhradh, geamhraich ‘winter’
    • earrach ‘spring’
    • samhradh ‘summer’
    • latha ‘day, daylight’
    • umha ‘bronze, brass’
    • criadh-umha ‘brass ore; clay’
    • iarann ‘iron; iron tool of any kind’
    • airgead ‘silver; money; riches in general’
    • darach ‘oak-tree’
    • darag ‘oak’
    • gleann ‘valley’
    • leathar ‘leather; skin, hide’
    • sgian ‘knife’
    • gath ‘dart; beam, ray (of light); sting (of an insect)’
    • fiar ‘bent, crooked, curved’
  • Old Irish
    • doud ‘burn (intr. v)’
    • marb ‘die (v)’
    • a-t-baill ‘die (v)’
    • cú ‘dog’
    • ól ‘drink (v)’
    • crín ‘dry (adj)’
    • geir ‘animal fat; tallow’
    • áed ‘fire’
    • do-rat ‘give (v)’
    • dag- ‘good’
    • folt ‘hair (of head); foliage (poetic)’
    • óa ‘liver’
    • á ‘mouth’
    • óen, oín ‘one’
    • seich- ‘say (v)’
    • saidid ‘sit (v)’
    • croiccenn ‘skin; hide; bark; husk’
    • tonn ‘wave; outpouring; sea; abundance; land, earth; surface; skin’
    • fár ‘small’
    • cloch ‘stone, rock’
    • crann ‘tree; wood (material)’
    • dá, dáu, dóu, dó ‘two’
    • dobur ‘dark; water’
    • -sní ‘to twist, bind, tie; spin; weave’
    • uinnius ‘ash tree’
    • tarb ‘bull’
    • beithe ‘birch’
    • delg ‘thorn, spike, nail; fibula, brooch, jewel; pin; spike, sharp point’
    • olann ‘wool’
    • bán ‘white, shining’
    • ball ‘member, penis’
    • bó ‘ox; cow’
    • ag ‘bovine animal; cow, ox’
    • ag allad ‘deer; stag’
    • oss allaid ‘wild ox; deer, stag’
    • dam ‘ox, stag; champion’
    • lóeg ‘calf’
    • mug ‘slave’
    • mil ‘small animal’
    • ech ‘horse’
    • marcach ‘horseman’
    • marc ‘horse’
    • óisc ‘young ewe’
    • ói ‘sheep’
    • cáera ‘sheep’
    • erp, eirp, erb ‘she-goat; doe; roe-deer’
    • feis ‘(young) sow; sow’
    • molt ‘wether’
    • úan ‘lamb’
    • boc ‘male goat; buck’
    • gabor ‘goat’
    • menn ‘kid; young animal’
    • sam ‘summer’
    • muc, mucc ‘pig (generic); sow’
    • soc, socc ‘snout, plough-share’
    • orc, arc ‘young pig’
    • cerc ‘hen; chicken (generic)’
    • cailech ‘rooster’
    • eirín, eiríne ‘chicken’
    • catt ‘cat’
    • bech ‘bee’
    • fáel ‘wolf’
    • olc ‘evil, bad, wrong’
    • bled ‘monster, sea-monster; whale; various wild or fabulous animals’
    • bledmíl ‘sea-monster; reptile; whale’
    • art ‘bear; hero, warrior’
    • torc ‘boar; wild boar; chieftain, hero’
    • bonnán ‘owl, bittern’
    • nathir ‘snake, serpent (generic)’
    • nathir nime ‘poisonous snake’
    • bran ‘raven’
    • BRANI ‘raven’
    • fiach, fíach ‘raven’
    • ilar ‘eagle’
    • fid ‘wood; tree; forest’
    • cairrḟiad ‘stag’
    • *carr ‘deer’
    • elit, ailit ‘doe, hind’
    • codal ‘hide, skin’
    • cír ‘comb’
    • melg ‘milk’
    • mlicht ‘(of cows) milking, producing milk’
    • banne ‘milk; drop, pustule’
    • salann ‘salt’
    • sál ‘sea, ocean, seawater’
    • mid ‘mead’
    • mír ‘small piece, morsel, commonly used of food; piece of meat’
    • imb ‘butter’
    • figid ‘to weave, intertwine’
    • airid ‘to plough’
    • cruthnecht ‘wheat’
    • necht ‘winnowing’
    • bláth ‘flower’
    • bairgen ‘bread, loaf; food’
    • corca, coirce ‘oats’
    • bíad ‘food’
    • grán ‘grain, seed, kernel’
    • arbar, arbor ‘(generic) grain, corn; (in pl.) crops’
    • ubull, uball ‘apple’
    • serr ‘sickle’
    • fidbae ‘bill-hook’
    • rámae, ráme ‘oar, agricultural tool, spade’
    • arathar ‘plough; ploughing, tillage; ploughland’
    • cécht ‘part of a plough; plough, ploughbeam’
    • géc ‘branch’
    • tál ‘adze’
    • cuing ‘yoke’
    • fedil, feidil ‘wooden yoke for oxen’
    • fén ‘wagon’
    • fénae ‘wagon’
    • carr ‘wagon’
    • cul ‘chariot’
    • roth ‘wheel’
    • reithid ‘to run, flow’
    • droch ‘wheel’
    • imbliu ‘navel’
    • mag ‘plain, field’
    • immaig ‘outside’
    • róe ‘level, piece of ground, battlefield, battle’
    • eitre, eitreach, etarche, etrige ‘furrow; groove, channel, trench, ditch’
    • claidid ‘to dig’
    • clad ‘ditch, trench, dyke, earthen rampart’
    • gam, gem, gaim ‘winter’
    • gemred, gaimred ‘winter, (lit.)winter-season’
    • errach ‘spring’
    • meithem, mithem ‘June’
    • laithe ‘day’
    • crédumae ‘bronze, alloy of copper, brass’
    • umae ‘copper, bronze’
    • íarn ‘iron’
    • argat, argad, airgead ‘silver; object of value, currency; money’
    • crannach ‘trees, wood (forest)’
    • dair, daur ‘oak’
    • glenn, glend ‘valley, hollow’
    • clochar ‘heap of stones’
    • líe, lía, líac ‘stone; millstone, pillar, standing stone; tomb’
    • magen, magan, maigin ‘place’
    • ail ‘boulder, rock, grave-stone, basis’
    • all ‘cliff’
    • lethar ‘skin (of a living creature); leather’
    • scían ‘knife’
    • gae ‘spear’
    • fidbocc ‘bow’
    • fíar ‘crooked’
    • mil ‘honey’
    • sní ‘we (1Pl)’
  • Welsh
    • ci ‘dog’
    • afu, iau ‘yoke’
    • cig, cnawd ‘flesh; meat’
    • maen ‘stone, rock, boulder’
    • pren ‘tree, timber; wood’
    • tarw ‘bull’
    • gwlân ‘wool’
    • buwch ‘cow’
    • ych ‘ox’
    • dafad ‘sheep (generic)’
    • llo ‘calf’
    • milyn ‘animal, beast, creature; animal not usually consumed by man’
    • march, meirch ‘horse’
    • gorwydd ‘horse’
    • ewig ‘female of various species of deer; hind, doe’
    • gwŷs ‘pig; breeding sow; female (of young pigs)’
    • mollt ‘wether’
    • bwch ‘male goat’
    • gauar, gafr ‘goat, she-goat’
    • mocha ‘pig’
    • hwch ‘sow’
    • ceilog, ceiliog ‘rooster’
    • iar ‘hen’
    • cath ‘cat’
    • gwenynen ‘bee’
    • gwenyn ‘bees’
    • gwan ‘to thrust, to stick, to stab’
    • blaidd ‘wolf’
    • arth ‘bear’
    • twrch ‘boar; hog’
    • llwyrn ‘will-o-the-wisp, ignis fatuus’
    • ceinach ‘hare’
    • neidr ‘snake’
    • brân ‘crow’
    • cigfran ‘raven’
    • eryr ‘eagle’
    • carw ‘deer’
    • carw coch ‘red deer’
    • elain ‘hind-calf; fawn’
    • iwrch ‘(male) roe deer’
    • mel ‘honey’
    • blith ‘milch’
    • halen ‘salt’
    • medd ‘mead’
    • menyn ‘butter’
    • nyddu ‘to spin’
    • gwenith ‘wheat’
    • nith ‘to winnow’
    • blodyn ‘flower’
    • ceirch ‘oats’
    • bwyd ‘food, meat’
    • erw ‘field; historical unit of measurement of area, corresponding to 1/4 acre; acre’
    • erwain ‘meadow-sweet’
    • afal ‘apple’
    • dala ‘sting’
    • gwydd ‘trees; wood (small forest)’
    • gwddyf ‘sickle’
    • rhaw ‘oar, spade’
    • aradr, arad ‘plough’
    • gwain ‘wagon’
    • rhod ‘wheel’
    • both ‘nave, hub’
    • rhych ‘furrow’
    • gaeaf ‘winter’
    • gwanwyn ‘spring’
    • haf ‘summer’
    • Mehefyn ‘June’
    • cynhaeaf ‘harvest; (formerly) autumn’
    • copr, copor ‘copper’
    • efydd ‘bronze, brass’
    • haearn ‘iron’
    • arian ‘silver’
    • coed ‘wood (forest); wood (material); trees (collective)’
    • clegyr ‘heap of stones’
    • clogwyn ‘rock, rocky hill, cliff’
    • maen hir ‘standing stone’
    • cwd ‘pouch, scrotum’
    • lledr ‘leather’
    • ysgien ‘knife’
    • gwayw ‘spear’
    • gwaywffon ‘spear’
  • Breton
    • ki ‘dog’
    • krin ‘dry (adj)’
    • pri ‘earth (soil, ground)’
    • mat, mad ‘good’
    • penn-glin ‘knee’
    • hir ‘long (adj)’
    • laou, low ‘louse (lice)’
    • kig ‘flesh, meat’
    • had ‘seed (n); seed’
    • ken ‘skin (person's)’
    • maen ‘stone’
    • prenn ‘tree (not log); wood’
    • tarw ‘bull’
    • gwlan ‘wool’
    • buoc'h ‘cow’
    • biou ‘cattle’
    • oc'hen ‘oxen’
    • dañvad ‘sheep (generic)’
    • dañvadez ‘ewe’
    • leue ‘calf’
    • ebeul ‘foal’
    • marc'h ‘horse’
    • gwis ‘sow’
    • maout ‘ram’
    • oan ‘lamb’
    • bouc'h ‘male goat’
    • gaor, gavr ‘goat’
    • moc'h ‘pig’
    • houc'h ‘pig’
    • hoc'h-gouez ‘wild boar’
    • banò, banw ‘piglet’
    • kilhog ‘rooster’
    • yar ‘hen; chicken (generic)’
    • kazh ‘cat’
    • gwenanenn ‘bee’
    • bleiz ‘wolf’
    • arzh ‘bear’
    • tourc'h ‘boar’
    • tourc'h-gouez ‘wild boar’
    • bonn ‘crane’
    • louarn, lowern ‘fox’
    • naer ‘snake’
    • bran ‘crow’
    • bran vras ‘raven’
    • marc'hvran ‘raven’
    • erer ‘eagle’
    • karw ‘deer’
    • yourc'h ‘roe deer’
    • mel ‘honey’
    • holen ‘salt’
    • hal ‘salty water, saline’
    • mez ‘mead’
    • amann, amannen ‘butter’
    • gweañ ‘to twist, to weave’
    • nezañ ‘to spin, to weave’
    • hada ‘sow’
    • gwiniz ‘wheat’
    • niz ‘to winnow’
    • bleuñv ‘flowers’
    • bara ‘bread’
    • heiz ‘barley (collective)’
    • kerc'h ‘oats (collective)’
    • boued ‘food’
    • greun ‘(generic) grain, cereal’
    • ed ‘(generic) grain, cereal; nourishment, food’
    • aval ‘apple’
    • gwez ‘trees (collective)’
    • gwif ‘two-pronged fork’
    • arar ‘plough’
    • yew ‘yoke’
    • karr ‘wagon’
    • rod ‘wheel’
    • ma ‘place’
    • maes ‘plain; field for cultivation’
    • re ‘furrow (collective)’
    • ero, erv ‘furrow; ridge between furrows’
    • goañv, gouañv ‘winter’
    • hañv ‘summer’
    • Mezeven ‘June’
    • houarn ‘iron’
    • arc'hant ‘silver’
    • koad ‘wood (forest); wood (material)’
    • kleger ‘heap of stones’
    • liac'h ‘stone’
    • maen-hir ‘standing stone’
    • ler ‘leather’
    • skejañ ‘cut’
    • goa, goaf ‘spear’
    • boug ‘tender’
    • gwareg ‘bow’
    • gwar ‘bent, curved’
  • Cornish
    • crow ‘blood (shed), gore; death’
    • goly ‘blood (n)’
    • crin ‘dry (adj)’
    • pry ‘earth, soil, ground; clay’
    • da: ‘good, goodly, wholsome, valid, ’
    • glas ‘green; blue; grey; glaucous; pale; wan; unripe’
    • aswonvos ‘know; recognize; acknowlege; be aquainted with’
    • den, dēn ‘man; person; one’
    • briansen ‘neck (not nape)’
    • cen ‘skin (person's)’
    • clog ‘stone; crag; cliff’
    • pren ‘tree; piece of wood; log; hewn; beam; stick; lot ’
    • piw/pyu, pyw ‘who?’
    • tarow ‘bull’
    • gwlan, gwloan ‘wool’
    • buch ‘cow’
    • oghen ‘oxen’
    • davas ‘sheep (generic), ewe’
    • lugh ‘calf’
    • mil ‘animal’
    • margh ‘horse’
    • guis ‘sow’
    • mols ‘wether; sheep’
    • oan, on ‘lamb’
    • mow, mogh ‘pig’
    • hoch ‘pig’
    • colyek ‘rooster’
    • yar ‘chicken’
    • kei ‘dog’
    • kat ‘cat’
    • bleydh ‘wolf’
    • lowarn ‘fox’
    • nader ‘snake’
    • bran ‘crow’
    • bran vras ‘raven’
    • er ‘eagle’
    • karow ‘deer, stag’
    • yorgh ‘roe deer’
    • mel ‘honey’
    • holan, haloin ‘salt’
    • medh ‘mead’
    • krow ‘bloodshed, gore’
    • manyn ‘butter’
    • gwia ‘to weave’
    • nedha ‘to spin’
    • aras ‘ploughing’
    • gwaneth ‘wheat’
    • bledzhan ‘flower’
    • hêth ‘barley’
    • kergh ‘oats (coll.)’
    • bos, boes ‘food’
    • erow ‘unit of measurement of land; acre’
    • aval ‘apple’
    • guiden ‘tree’
    • arader ‘plough’
    • ieu ‘yoke’
    • car ‘wagon’
    • rôs ‘wheel’
    • both ‘hump’
    • -ma ‘plain, field’
    • gwav ‘winter’
    • haf, hav ‘summer’
    • kynnyav, kydnyadh ‘autumn’
    • hôrn ‘iron’
    • argans, arghans ‘silver’
    • coys ‘wood’
    • dar ‘oak’
    • glynn, glydn ‘valley’
    • men ‘stone (piece)’
    • ledher ‘leather’
    • guw ‘spear’
    • gwarek ‘bow, arc, arch, crescent’
    • gwarr ‘curve’
  • Middle Breton
    • ludu ‘ash(es)’
    • rusquenn ‘bark (of tree)’
    • goulyow ‘blood (n)’
    • devo ‘burn (intr. v)’
    • ci, qui ‘dog’
    • euaff, yvet ‘drink’
    • crin ‘dry’
    • tir ‘earth (soil, ground)’
    • pry, pri ‘earth (soil, ground)’
    • uy ‘egg’
    • euin ‘fingernail’
    • tan ‘fire’
    • troat ‘foot (not leg)’
    • leun ‘full’
    • reiff ‘give’
    • mad ‘good’
    • da ‘good’
    • glas ‘green’
    • clevet ‘hear’
    • penn-glin ‘knee’
    • auu ‘liver’
    • hir ‘long’
    • gour ‘man (adult male human)’
    • quic ‘flesh, meat’
    • loar ‘moon’
    • menez ‘mountain (not hill)’
    • froan/fron ‘nose’
    • ne ‘not’
    • un ‘one’
    • den ‘person’
    • gruizyenn ‘root (botanics)’
    • crenn ‘round’
    • guelet ‘see’
    • crochenn ‘skin (person's)’
    • cousquet ‘sleep’
    • bihan ‘small’
    • sterenn ‘star’
    • men ‘stone’
    • heuul, heul ‘sun’
    • neuff ‘swim’
    • te ‘thou’
    • dant ‘tooth’
    • prenn ‘tree (not log); wood, tree’
    • dou ‘two’
    • ni, ny ‘we’
    • piou ‘who?’
    • melen ‘yellow’
    • ounn, onn ‘ash tree’
    • taru ‘bull’
    • bezu, bezv-en ‘birch’
    • gloan ‘wool’
    • buch ‘cow’
    • bou-tig ‘stable’
    • ouhen ‘oxen’
    • davat ‘sheep, ewe’
    • lue ‘calf’
    • mil ‘animal’
    • ebeul ‘foal’
    • march ‘horse’
    • guis, gues ‘sow’
    • mout, maout ‘ram, wether’
    • oen ‘lamb’
    • bouch ‘male goat’
    • gaffr ‘goat’
    • menn ‘young goat’
    • moch ‘pig’
    • houch ‘pig’
    • ban ‘piglet’
    • quillocq ‘cock, rooster’
    • yar ‘hen; chicken (generic)’
    • quies ‘bitch’
    • caz ‘cat’
    • guenannen ‘bee’
    • bleiz ‘wolf’
    • tourch ‘boar, male pig’
    • louarn ‘fox’
    • nazr, azr, aezr ‘snake’
    • bran ‘crow’
    • erer, er ‘eagle’
    • caru ‘deer’
    • yourch ‘roe deer’
    • mel ‘honey’
    • banne ‘drop’
    • holen, halen ‘salt’
    • mez ‘mead’
    • amanenn ‘butter’
    • gueaff ‘to weave’
    • nezaff ‘to spin, to weave’
    • arat ‘ploughing’
    • hadaff ‘to sow’
    • guiniz ‘wheat’
    • niz ‘to winnow’
    • bleuzff ‘flower’
    • bara ‘bread’
    • heiz ‘barley’
    • kerch ‘oats’
    • boet ‘food’
    • greunenn ‘(generic) grain, cereal’
    • eth ‘food’
    • aval ‘apple’
    • guez ‘trees (collective)’
    • ararz ‘plough’
    • yeu, ieo ‘yoke’
    • carr ‘wagon’
    • rot ‘wheel’
    • ahel ‘axle; axis’
    • maes ‘field’
    • erv ‘furrow’
    • gouaff ‘winter’
    • haff ‘summer’
    • houarnn ‘iron’
    • argant ‘silver’
    • coat ‘wood’
    • glann ‘shore’
    • Cleguer
    • lezr ‘leather’
    • squeiaff, squeigaff ‘cut’
    • goaff ‘spear’
    • boug ‘tender’
    • goar ‘curved’
    • goarec ‘bow’
    • clezeff ‘sword’
    • querzet ‘go; run’
  • Old Breton
    • holl ‘all (of a number)’
    • tar ‘belly (abdomen, stomach)’
    • attanoc ‘bird’
    • deuu ‘burn’
    • pri ‘earth (soil, ground)’
    • eguin ‘fingernail’
    • treit, troat ‘foot (not leg)’
    • guolt ‘hair’
    • durn ‘hand’
    • lom-/lou- ‘hand’
    • penn, pen ‘head (anatomic)’
    • Brehant ‘neck (not nape)’
    • hep ‘say’
    • main ‘stone’
    • guid ‘tree (not log); trees (collective)’
    • pren ‘tree (not log); wood, tree’
    • cerd ‘movement’
    • milin ‘yellow’
    • taruu ‘bull’
    • gulan ‘wool’
    • ohen ‘oxen’
    • ebol ‘foal’
    • eb ‘horse’
    • marh ‘horse’
    • guis ‘sow’
    • gabr ‘goat’
    • moch ‘pig’
    • hoch ‘pig’
    • bleid ‘wolf’
    • arth- ‘bear’
    • torch ‘boar’
    • bonn ‘crane’
    • natr- ‘snake’
    • bran ‘crow, raven’
    • morbran ‘cormorant’
    • iorch ‘goat (?), roe deer (?)’
    • mel ‘honey’
    • metot ‘drunkenness’
    • cic-guan ‘trident’
    • abal ‘apple’
    • serr ‘sickle’
    • carr ‘wagon’
    • -ma ‘plain, field’
    • rec ‘furrow’
    • guoiam ‘winter’
    • ham ‘summer’
    • hoiarn ‘iron’
    • argant ‘silver’
    • dar ‘oak’
    • guugoiou ‘spear’
    • buc ‘rotten’
    • ban ‘piglet’
  • Old Cornish
    • ascorn ‘bone’
    • uy ‘egg’
    • euuin ‘fingernail’
    • glesin ‘green (color)’
    • gols ‘hair’
    • lof ‘hand’
    • pen ‘head (anatomic)’
    • auu, aui ‘liver’
    • chic, kig, kyk, cic ‘flesh’
    • nos ‘night’
    • pren ‘wood (material)’
    • milin ‘yellow’
    • onnen ‘ash tree’
    • bedewen ‘birch (?)’
    • delc, delch ‘brooch, clasp, fibula (?)’
    • gluan ‘wool’
    • davat ‘sheep’
    • loch ‘calf’
    • mil ‘animal’
    • ebol ‘horse’
    • march ‘horse’
    • guis ‘sow’
    • mols ‘wether’
    • oin ‘lamb’
    • boch ‘male goat’
    • gauar ‘goat’
    • min ‘kid’
    • hoch ‘pig’
    • baneu ‘piglet’
    • chelioc ‘rooster’
    • yar ‘chicken’
    • ci ‘dog’
    • guenenen ‘bee’
    • gwane ‘to thrust, to stick, to stab’
    • bleit ‘wolf’
    • torch ‘boar’
    • louuern ‘fox’
    • nader ‘snake (generic)’
    • er ‘eagle’
    • caruu ‘deer’
    • yorch ‘goat (?), roe deer (?)’
    • euhig ‘female deer’
    • mel ‘honey’
    • Meli-ssos
    • banne ‘drop’
    • amanen ‘butter’
    • blodon ‘flower’
    • bara ‘bread’
    • kerich ‘of oats’
    • buit ‘food’
    • gronen ‘(generic) grain, cereal’
    • aradar ‘plough’
    • goyf ‘winter’
    • guaintoin ‘spring’
    • haf ‘summer’
    • hoern ‘iron’
    • cuit ‘wood (forest)’
    • dar ‘oak’
    • wuyu ‘spear’
    • hoch-wuyu ‘spear for hunting wild boar’
    • clethe ‘sword’
  • Old Welsh
    • etn ‘bird’
    • atar ‘bird’
    • aballu ‘die’
    • crin ‘dry’
    • ui ‘egg’
    • eguin ‘fingernail’
    • glas ‘green, blue’
    • lau ‘hand’
    • penn ‘head’
    • rud ‘red’
    • hepp ‘say’
    • sseren, serenn ‘star’
    • guid ‘tree; trees (collective)’
    • gulan ‘wool’
    • lo ‘calf’
    • huch ‘pig’
    • iar ‘hen, chicken; hen’
    • Branodunum ‘The fortress of Bran, the fort of the raven’
    • bran ‘crow, raven’
    • caru ‘deer’
    • eguic ‘female deer’
    • mel ‘honey’
    • melin, melen ‘yellow’
    • Medgen
    • it ‘food’
    • serr ‘sickle’
    • ara, arater ‘plough’
    • iou ‘yoke’
    • maessid ‘plain, field’
    • gaem ‘winter’
    • guiannuin ‘spring’
    • ham ‘summer’
    • emid ‘copper, bronze’
    • argant ‘silver’
    • coit ‘wood’
  • Middle Welsh
    • lludw ‘ash(es)’
    • risgl ‘bark (of tree)’
    • tor ‘belly (abdomen, stomach)’
    • edn ‘bird’
    • adar ‘bird’
    • cnoi ‘bite’
    • creu ‘blood’
    • gweli ‘blood’
    • deifyaw ‘burn’
    • nyfel ‘cloud (not fog)’
    • oer ‘cold (of weather)’
    • ki, ci ‘dog’
    • yuet ‘drink’
    • crin ‘dry’
    • clust ‘ear’
    • tir ‘earth (soil, ground)’
    • pridd ‘earth (soil, ground)’
    • ys ‘eat’
    • wy ‘egg’
    • ewin ‘fingernail’
    • tan ‘fire’
    • troet ‘foot (not leg)’
    • llawn ‘full’
    • mad ‘good’
    • da ‘good’
    • glas ‘green’
    • gwallt ‘hair (of head); hair’
    • law, llaw ‘hand’
    • clyw-, clywet ‘hear’
    • glin, pen-(g)lin ‘knee’
    • hor ‘louse (lice)’
    • kic ‘meat/flesh’
    • lloer ‘moon’
    • mynydd ‘mountain (not hill)’
    • enw ‘name’
    • breuant ‘neck (not nape)’
    • newydd ‘new’
    • nos ‘night’
    • hynt ‘road/path’
    • crwn ‘round’
    • hebu ‘say’
    • tonn ‘skin (person's)’
    • kyscu ‘sleep’
    • mwg ‘smoke’
    • ser, syr ‘star’
    • maen ‘stone, grindstone’
    • heul, haul ‘sun’
    • nawf ‘swim’
    • tafawt ‘tongue (anatomical)’
    • dant ‘tooth’
    • prenn ‘tree (not log); wood, tree’
    • clyd ‘warm (of weather)’
    • dwyyr ‘water’
    • pwy ‘who?’
    • ben ‘woman’
    • gell ‘yellow’
    • melin ‘yellow’
    • ynn ‘ash tree’
    • tarw ‘bull’
    • bedw-en ‘birch’
    • dala ‘sting’
    • gwlan ‘wool’
    • balleg ‘sack, purse’
    • bu, buw, buch ‘cow’
    • aelaw ‘riches, wealth’
    • ych ‘ox’
    • lloe, llo ‘calf’
    • mil ‘animal’
    • ebawl ‘foal’
    • march ‘horse, stallion’
    • gorwydd ‘horse’
    • gwys ‘(young) sow’
    • mollt ‘wether’
    • oen, ŵyn ‘lamb’
    • bwch ‘male goat’
    • myn ‘young goat, kid’
    • moch ‘pig’
    • hwch ‘pig’
    • banw, beinw ‘piglet’
    • keilyawc ‘rooster’
    • yar, iar, ieir, gieir ‘hen, chicken; hen’
    • cath ‘cat’
    • begegyr, bygegyr ‘drone’
    • bleidd ‘wolf, hero’
    • arth ‘bear’
    • wrch ‘young pig, boar’
    • bun, bwn ‘bittern’
    • llewyrn ‘foxes’
    • neidr ‘snake’
    • bran ‘crow, raven; raven’
    • eryr ‘eagle’
    • carw ‘deer’
    • elein, alanet ‘young deer, doe, hind-calf’
    • iwrch ‘(male) roe deer; male goat (?)’
    • eskit ‘shoe’
    • mel ‘honey’
    • melyn ‘yellow’
    • blith ‘(of cows) milch, producing milk’
    • ban ‘drop’
    • halen ‘salt’
    • medd ‘mead’
    • meddawt ‘drunkenness’
    • cig ‘meat’
    • gwêr ‘animal fat; tallow’
    • ymenyn ‘butter’
    • gwëu ‘to weave’
    • nyddu, nyddaf ‘to spin; to spin, to weave’
    • heu ‘to sow’
    • blawd ‘flower’
    • bara ‘bread’
    • heidd ‘barley’
    • ceirch, cerch, cyrch ‘oats’
    • grawn, gronyn ‘(generic) grain, cereal’
    • gwydd ‘trees (collective)’
    • aradr ‘plough’
    • ceinc ‘plough’
    • iau, yeu ‘yoke’
    • meiau ‘middle yoke (a measure of length)’
    • gwedd ‘yoke’
    • gweddu ‘subject oneself to, submit, be humbled; (originally) be bound, be harnessed’
    • carr ‘wagon’
    • rot, rod ‘wheel’
    • both ‘umbo, nave, boss of shield’
    • -ma, maes ‘plain; field for cultivation’
    • gayaf, gaeaf ‘winter’
    • gwaeanhwyn, gwaeannwyn, gwannwyn ‘spring’
    • haf ‘summer’
    • haearn ‘iron’
    • ariant ‘silver’
    • dar ‘oak’
    • glynn ‘glen, valley’
    • clog ‘rock’
    • clegyr ‘heap of stones’
    • cwd ‘pouch, bag, scrotum’
    • lledr ‘leather’
    • gwaew ‘spear’
    • gwyr ‘crooked’
    • kerddet ‘walk; go’
  • Gaulish
    • ollon ‘all (of a number)’
    • ogron-, *ougro- ‘cold (of weather)’
    • Rokloisiabo ‘ear’
    • ades ‘foot (not leg)’
    • (dedor), dede ‘give (v)’
    • *srogna, *frognā ‘nose’
    • taruos ‘bull’
    • *betyo- ‘birch’
    • *dalglā
    • Tarvisium
    • Ballo-marios
    • Damona
    • markan ‘horse’
    • marcosior ‘may I ride’
    • *verēdo, *verēdo-, *werēdo- ‘horse’
    • Moltus
    • *multo, *moltus, *moltos ‘sheep (?); ram, wether’
    • *bukko
    • *gabro-
    • Gabromagus ‘Goatfield (toponym)’
    • *gabr- ‘goat’
    • Gabrus
    • Moccos
    • *mocc- ‘pig’
    • Cato-mocus
    • *sukko- ‘pig’
    • Banuus ‘piglet’
    • Caliaga
    • Iaros
    • Cuno-pennus ‘Dog-head’
    • *cuno ‘dog’
    • Cattos ‘cat (personal name)’
    • *biko- ‘bee’
    • Artio
    • *art- ‘bear’
    • *louernos ‘fox’
    • Branodunum
    • Caruus
    • *caru- ‘deer(?)’
    • Elantia
    • íorkos ‘roebuck’
    • Medu-genos
    • Cicollus
    • *olca ‘arable land’
    • Blatuna
    • *blatu- ‘flower’
    • Blato-magus
    • sasia, asia ‘rye’
    • avallo ‘apple’
    • vidubia, vidobium, vidobiumvidubia ‘hoe, sickle’
    • Viduco
    • *widu-, *vidu ‘wood’
    • Ver-iugus
    • Karródounon
    • Roto-magus
    • *roto-
    • buđđutton ‘penis’
    • *magus ‘plain, field’
    • Giamoni- ‘name of the 7th month’
    • *gewro-
    • *gem(e)ro-
    • Giamos
    • Samognatius ‘born in summer (personal name)’
    • *samo-, *samaro- ‘summer’
    • Samarobriva Ambianorum
    • lat- ‘day’
    • Isarnus
    • *isarno- ‘iron’
    • Argantomagus
    • *arganto ‘silver’
    • Caito-brix
    • *caito ‘wood(?)’
    • prenne ‘wood, tree’
    • *lausa ‘stone (?)’
    • *lawā
    • Alesia, Alisia
    • *gaiso- ‘spear’
    • Ario-gaisus
  • Sanskrit
    • bhuj- ‘to bend’
    • yū́kā-, yū́ka- ‘louse’
    • na ‘not’
    • kím  ‘what?’
    • ahī́- ‘cow; female of an animal’
    • ukṣán- ‘young bull’
    • damya- ‘young bull to be tamed’
    • vatsá- ‘calf; yearling; child’
    • kápṛth- ‘penis’
    • kṛka-vā́ku- ‘cock, rooster’
    • ŕ̥kṣa- ‘bear’
    • avikā́- ‘ewe’
    • añj- ‘to anoint, to smear’
    • áñjas- ‘anointment’
    • sac- ‘to attach, to accompany’
    • sasyá- ‘corn-field, corn, grain’
    • śakti- ‘spear’
    • mahī́- ‘earth’
    • vasantá- ‘spring’
    • héṣas- ‘weapon’
    • bhuj- ‘eat’
  • Gothic
    • qiþan ‘say, talk’
    • magus ‘boy’
    • mawi ‘young girl’
    • ga-widan ‘bind’
    • haiþi ‘field’
  • Latin
    • taurus ‘bull’
    • pallidus ‘pale’
    • badius ‘bay, chestnut brown’
    • follis ‘bag, sack; ball, testicle’
    • veredus ‘post-horse’
    • veredarius ‘messenger’
    • buccus ‘male goat’
    • haedus ‘young goat-buck, kid’
    • haedīnus ‘of a kid’
    • calere ‘to announce’
    • cattus ‘cat (wild, later domesticated)’
    • fūcus ‘drone (bee)’
    • vēlum ‘sail; cover, covering’
    • far, -ris ‘spelt; husked wheat, emmer; grain, flour, coarse meal’
    • arvum ‘plough-land, field; ploughed land’
    • rēmus ‘oar’
    • secāre ‘to cut, sever’
    • carrus ‘four-wheeled wagon; wagon’
    • *carrarĭa ‘path, way, road’
    • umbilīcus ‘navel; centre, middle’
    • umbō ‘boss of a shield’
    • rūs ‘village, countryside’
    • lābes ‘fall, falling down’
    • sacēna, scēna ‘dolabra pontificalis (sacrificial dagger); sacrificial axe’
    • gaesum ‘spear’
    • gladius ‘sword’
  • Proto-Germanic
    • *þeura- ‘bull’
    • *aska- ‘ash tree’
    • *ehwa- ‘horse’
    • *bukka-, *bukkan- ‘billy-goat, male goat’
    • *blada- ‘leaf, blade’
    • *tōkslo-
    • *elmaz, *almaz ‘elm’
  • Old Norse
    • þjórr ‘bull’
    • tarfr ‘bull’
    • jór ‘horse’
    • palafrey ‘horse for riding (as opposed to a warhorse)’
    • þexla ‘adze’
    • skeggia ‘battle-axe, ship’
    • skeina ‘lightly wounded’
  • Proto-Italic
    • *tauro- ‘bull’
    • *sekaje/o-
    • *elmos, *olmos ‘elm’
  • Faroese
    • tjórur ‘bullock, castrated bull, steer’
    • tarvur ‘bull’
  • Late Latin
    • daculum ‘scythe (or sickle)’
    • paraveredus
    • buccus
    • olca ‘plot of arable land’
    • bladum ‘cereal; wheat’
    • blada ‘harvest, fruit of the vine’
  • Old Provençal
    • dahl ‘scythe’
    • lauza, lausa ‘flagstone, flat stone’
  • Old French
    • daille, dail ‘scythe’
    • dain, daine ‘fallow deer’
    • palefroi, palefreid ‘horse’
    • soc ‘plough-share’
    • vouge ‘long-handled sickle; halbard ’
    • raim, rain, reimes ‘oar’
    • charriere ‘path, way, road’
    • glaive ‘sword, massacre’
  • Provençal
    • dalho, daio ‘sickle’
    • gabre ‘he-goat’
    • carreira ‘path, way, road’
  • French
    • dail ‘scythe’
    • daim ‘fallow deer’
    • palefroi ‘horse’
    • mouton ‘sheep (generic)’
    • bouc ‘male goat’
    • soc ‘plough-share’
    • ouche ‘enclosed cultivated garden, arable land’
    • vouge ‘war scythe; long-handled sickle used to debranch trees’
    • rame ‘oar, paddle’
    • ramer ‘to row’
    • char ‘car; wagon’
    • carrière ‘path, way, road’
    • givre ‘frost’
    • lauze, lause ‘flagstone’
    • lave ‘lava’
    • glaive ‘sword’
  • Occitan
    • dalha ‘scythe’
    • dalh ‘harvest; harvest with scythes (harvest work, harvest time, also a field to be harvested)’
    • moltó, molton, noton ‘(castrated?) male sheep’
    • blada, blat ‘wheat’
    • rem ‘oar’
    • car ‘vehicle’
  • Catalan
    • dall, dalla ‘scythe’
    • moltó ‘ram’
    • boch ‘male goat’
    • rem ‘oar’
    • carrera ‘path, way, road’
    • gebre ‘hoarfrost’
  • Spanish
    • dalle ‘scythe’
    • guja ‘war scythe’
    • remo ‘oar’
    • carro ‘car; wagon’
    • carrera ‘path, way, road’
  • Hittite
    • ḫulana- ‘wool’
    • militt- ‘honey’
    • šēša-šēša- ‘fruit; harvest’
    • weda-, wete- ‘build’
  • Middle Irish
    • basc ‘red’
    • gorm ‘blue’
    • flann ‘blood-red’
    • dobur ‘black, unclean’
    • banb ‘piglet’
    • blicht ‘in milk, milch’
    • airmnech ‘man who possesses a lot of grain’
    • bot ‘penis, tail’
    • admad ‘timber; material’
    • admad ‘timber; material’
  • Old High German
    • falo ‘faded, fallow, yellow’
    • beri ‘berry, grape’
    • pfärfrit, pfarifrit, pfarifrid ‘post horse’
    • hellan ‘to resound’
    • riemo ‘oar’
    • dehsa, dehsala ‘adze’
    • wetan ‘bind’
  • Old English
    • basu ‘purple’
    • weoce ‘wick’
    • rūm ‘space, room’
    • hyrst ‘bushes’
  • Italian
    • toro ‘bull’
    • daino ‘fallow deer’
    • damma, dama ‘fallow deer’
    • montone ‘ram’
    • becco ‘male goat’
    • bucco ‘male goat’
    • biada ‘any cereal used as fodder (generic, especially in plural); oats’
    • remo ‘oar’
    • carro ‘car; wagon; four-wheeled vehicle’
    • carriera ‘path, way, road’
    • lava ‘lava’
  • Icelandic
    • tarfur ‘bull’
    • þexla ‘adze’
  • Classical Greek
    • pʰallós ‘penis’
    • béredos ‘messenger, courier, post horse (?)’
    • kápros ‘(wild) boar’
    • kárron ‘wagon with four wheels, car’
    • trokʰós ‘wheel; potterʼs wheel’
    • trékʰō, trákʰō ‘run; hurry’
    • ompʰalós ‘navel; navel string’
    • dóry ‘wood; tree trunk; spear’
    • lâas ‘stone’
    • léuō ‘to stone, lapidate’
  • Classical Armenian
    • ezn ‘bullock; ox’
    • am ‘year’
  • Avestan
    • uxšan- ‘bull, young bull’
    • maγava- ‘unmarried’
    • varāsa-, parəsa-, ϑβərəsa- ‘boar, wild pig; piglet’
    • rauuah- ‘space, room’
  • Proto-Gallo-Romance
    • damma, dāma ‘fallow deer’
    • *multo ‘wether, castrated ram’
  • Albanian (Tosk)
    • dem ‘young bull, bullock’
    • lopë ‘cow’
    • arí ‘bear’
    • mjal, mjaltë ‘honey’
    • ëmbël ‘sweet, mild’
    • gjeth ‘foliage, green leaves’
    • lerë ‘rock slip, boulder’
  • Proto-Albanian
    • *dama
    • *lāpā
    • *arina
    • *ara
    • *melita
    • *gazda-
  • Bengali
    • dāmṛā ‘castrated bullock’
  • Latvian
    • lops, lùops ‘farm animal’
    • barĩba ‘food’
  • Celtiberian
    • Ekua-laku
    • *ekua ‘horse’
    • Mezu-kenos
    • Arkanta
    • *arkat-, *arkant- ‘silver’
    • arkato-bezom
    • Alizos
  • Vulgar Latin
    • uerēdus ‘post horse’
    • paraverēdus ‘post-horse’
    • multone ‘ram’
  • German
    • Pferd ‘horse’
    • Riemen ‘oar’
    • Dechsel ‘adze’
  • Middle High German
    • pfert, pfärit, pfärvrit, phert ‘horse’
    • rieme ‘oar’
    • quast ‘scrub’
  • Lithuanian
    • riedė́ti ‘roll’
    • meñkas ‘small, unsignificant’
    • sègti ‘to fasten, to pin’
    • niekóti ‘to winnow in a trough’
    • gyvatà ‘life’
    • piẽtūs ‘(midday) meal; noon’
    • kãklas ‘neck’
  • Stub proto-form
    • *ghaid-
    • *ghaid-o
    • *ghaid-ein-o-
  • Modern Armenian
    • manr ‘small’
    • gayl ‘wolf’
    • awcanem ‘I anoint’
    • durgn ‘potterʼs wheel’
    • darj-, daṙnam ‘to turn’
  • Proto-Slavic
    • *òlni ‘doe’
    • *bȍršьno ‘flour, food’
    • *soxà ‘forked stick’
    • *tesla ‘adze’
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic
    • *ol-Hn-
    • *bar-
    • *geit-
    • *śokʔaʔ
  • Old Church Slavonic
    • alъnii* ‘doe’
    • pitěti ‘to feed, to nourish’
    • pišta ‘meal’
    • soxa ‘plough’
    • sěšti ‘to cut’
    • tesati ‘to hew’
    • tesla ‘adze’
    • gvozdie ‘nails’
  • Old Italian
    • blada, biada ‘fodder; cereal, especially oats’
  • Ukrainian
    • bórošno ‘ryemeal, rye flour’
  • Portuguese
    • remo ‘oar’
    • carro ‘car; wagon’
    • carreira ‘path, way, road’
    • lavo, lauvo ‘flat stone’
    • lousa ‘slate’
  • Swedish
    • täxla ‘adze’
    • däxel ‘adze’
    • klint ‘hill, peak; precipice; coastal cliff’
  • Danish
    • teksel ‘adze’
    • klint ‘steep coastal cliff’
  • Norwegian (Nynorsk)
    • teksle ‘small axe’
    • diksel ‘hammer with axe blade on one side’
  • Middle Low German
    • desele, dessel, deissel ‘adze’
    • klint ‘shore; rock, cliff’
  • Middle Dutch
    • dissel, dissele ‘adze’
  • Sardinian
    • carru ‘car; wagon’
    • carrela, carrera ‘path, way, road’
  • Tocharian A
    • ṣme ‘rain period’
  • English
    • copper ‘copper’
  • Modern Greek
    • dóry ‘spear, pike’