• Eurasia
  • Proto-Indo-European
    • *touH-eto- ‘stuffed'’
    • *h_1/3e/op-ni- ‘'working'’
    • *ḱ/kon(H)-i-, *ḱ/ken(H)-i-
    • *k(o)rt- ‘a cutting'’
    • *(H)ued-ro-
    • *meh₂-(ō̆)s / *mh₂-ē̆s, *mh₂-es-m, *mh₂-s-os?
    • *p(o)l-u-o- ‘gray'’
    • *put-
    • *kh₂p-i-
    • *h₂mord-(e)ie- ‘'to crush, bite', pf'’
    • *suord-o/i-
    • *h₂eh₁-t(-)r- ‘fireplace'’
    • *h₁rud^h-ró- ‘red'’
    • *h₁ésh₂-r, *h₁sh₂-én-s ‘blood’
    • *mama
    • *sinu-?
    • *h₂eh₁s-eh₁- ‘to be dry'’
    • *h₁eus-e/o- ‘to burn'’
    • *ḱuh₁-mo- ‘heap'’
    • *sriHǵ-o/es- ‘frost, bitter cold'’
    • *ken-t- ‘young, new'’
    • *to- + *h₂eǵ-e/o- ‘that' + 'to drive, lead'’
    • *mer-
    • *si-sk-u- ‘dry'?’
    • *melh₂-/*mlh₂- ‘'to crush, grind'’
    • *ph₂u-ie/o- ‘'to hit'’
    • *se/ol-o- ‘'place, habitation'’
    • *h₁ed- ‘eat'’
    • *b^hu-n-g- (?) ‘to be of use, be used'’
    • *ḱom + *h₁ed- ‘with' + 'eat' (infensified)’
    • *mt-n(é)-h₂- ‘'to stir, whirl'’
    • *uel-u- ‘to wind'’
    • *h₂eḱs-(i-) + *h₃ngw-n̥ ‘axle, arm-pit + fat, greese’
    • *h₃eng^w-e/o- [pr.] 'to anoint', *h₃éng^w-n [nom.acc.], *h₃ng^w-én-s [gen.] 'fat, butter' [n.]
    • *kert- ‘to wind'’
    • *ues-
    • *ple/ou/(k)-(s)mo-
    • *h₃ng^h-u-, *h₃ng^h-l-h₂- ‘nail'’
    • *b^hleuH-(e/o-) ‘'to flow (over)'’
    • *g^welh₁-ie/o- ‘'to raise the arm, throw'’
    • *(s)neh₂-(ie/o-) ‘to swim, float’
    • *k^welh₁-e/o- ‘'to go round'’
    • *Hreh₁-i- ‘wealth, goods'’
    • *g^wrH-to- ‘praised (in a song)'’
    • *sméi-ro- [n.] ‘'laughter'’
    • *duh₂-eno-?
    • *kris-ni-
    • *mon-u- ‘hand'’
    • *teḱ- ‘to build'’
    • *h₁(e)nter + *leǵ-e/o- ‘between' + 'to collect'’
    • *h₂eu-is + *d^hh1-ie/o- ‘clearly' + 'to render'’
    • *h₁(e)n 'in', *h₁entos + *ten-d(h)- ‘(from) inside' + 'to stretch'’
    • *ḱlh₁-eh₁- ‘to be hot'’
    • *mr-ie/o- ‘'to die'’
    • *touh₂-eie-; *te-touh₂- (?)
    • *mot-(i-?)  ‘'club, hoe'’
    • *(ḱe-)ḱh₂d-? ‘'to fall'’
    • *Hrot-o/h₂- [adj.]  ‘'revolving'’
    • *sh₁p-i- ‘'to notice'’
    • *skh₁-i(e/o)- ‘to incise'’
    • *tong-ei(e?)- ‘'to think, know'’
    • *lep-os- [n.] and/or *le/op-i- ‘'peel, rind'’
    • *d^holH-io- ‘'leaf'’
    • *(H)ieh₁-, *(H)ih₁-k-(i-) ‘to throw, let go’
    • *ḱom + *slok-o- ‘with' + 'to place'?’
    • *sth₂-eh₁-ie/o- + de + (H)ieh₁-, pr. *(H)ih₁-k-(i-) ‘to stand' + f'rom, of' + 'to throw, let go'’
    • *h₁u(e)h₂-sto- (?)
    • *mǵ-no- (?) ‘great'’
    • *pesd- ‘'annoying insect'’
    • *plus- ‘'flea'?’
    • *meh₂-(ō̆)s / *mh₂-ē̆s, *mh₂-es-m, *mh₂-
    • *(h₁)up-m(H)o- ‘'highest'’
    • *m(o)l-to- ‘'good, big'?’
    • *duh₂-eno-(?)
    • *plh₁-u ‘much, many'’
    • *k(e)rH-n- ‘'piece'; piece’
    • *louksneh₂- ‘'moon'’
    • *pl(e)h₂-nó- ‘flattened'’
    • *mon-ti- ‘'protrusion, height'’
    • *gwel- (?)
    • *h₃eh₁-os, -es- [n.] ‘'mouth'’
    • *kers-weik -s ‘head band'’
    • *nóg^wh-t-s, *nég^wht-s ‘night’
    • *suH- ‘pig, swine (orig. sow)’
    • *ne ‘not'’
    • *Hoi-no- ‘one'’
    • *kap-
    • *d^hǵ^h(e)m-ōn ‘earthling, human’
    • *pleu-e/o- ‘'to swim, float'’
    • *(p)saþlo- / *(p)saflo- / *(p)sablo-
    • *h₁uog^wh-eie- ‘to promise'’
    • *deik-e/o- (pr.) ‘to say'’
    • *uet(h₂)- / *uoth₂-eie/o- / *ue/ot-eh₂- ‘to say'’
    • *h₁eǵ^h, *h₁éǵ^hs + *b^her- ‘out + ?’
    • *h₁eǵ^h, *h₁éǵ^hs + *tk-́i-n-(e/o-) ‘out + to build, live’
    • *h₃e/ok^w-(e)lo- ‘eye'’
    • *ǵrh₂-no- ‘'which has ripened, fruit, grain'’
    • *pel-ni- ‘skin, hide’
    • *kHu-t-i- ‘skin, hide’
    • *sekh₁-ie/o- ‘'to cut off'’
    • *drm-ye- ‘'to sleep'’
    • *peh₂u-ro-
    • *moih₁-u̯o- ‘small, little'’
    • *steh_2-, *stoh₂- ‘to stand’
    • *sth₂-eh₁-ie/o- + *de/*do + *b^hld-néh₂- ‘to stand' + 'here' + ?’
    • *uel-u- ‘'to wind'’
    • *skol-
    • *ǵ^hrs-eh₁- ‘to be stiff, surprised'’
    • *ḱe/oh₃-t- ‘sharpening'’
    • *h₁ei-/*h₁i- ‘to go’
    • *h₁roug-h₂- ‘wrinkle'’
    • *st(e)r-n-h₃- ‘to spread, strew'’
    • *uih₁-eh₂- ‘pursuit'’
    • *Hret-e/o-  ‘'to run, roll'’
    • *uel-u- ‘'to wind'’
    • *ḱrn-o- > *ḱrn-u- (?) ‘horn'’
    • *keh₂u-d- ‘cleaved, separate'’
    • *ḱom ‘'with' (+ ins.)’
    • *tam + *so
    • *seh₂ + ud
    • *so
    • *h₂ol-no- ‘'that, yonder'’
    • *so
    • *g/ǵhe/o- + *ḱi ‘this' + 'here'’
    • *dnǵ^h-uh₂-
    • *h₃d-(o)nt- ‘tooth'’
    • *h₃rd^h-ōs, -os- ‘'height, uprightness'’
    • *pl(e)h₂-nt-h₂- ‘'the flat one' or 'the approaching one'’
    • *h₂elh₂- / *h₂lh₂- [pr.] ‘'to wander'’
    • *(H)roth₂o-, *(H)roth₂-o- ‘wheel’
    • *mesg-e/o- ‘'to sink, wash'’
    • *ḱlh₁-eh₁- ‘'to be hot'’
    • *nōs, *ns
    • *h₂esp-i- ‘'cutting'?’
    • *h₂elb^h-o- ‘white'’
    • *knd-ro-, -no- ‘shining'’
    • *ml̥-ies-
    • *d^heh₁-mh₁n-h₂- ‘'(the one) nursing, breastfeeding'’
    • *dom-h₃en-, ‘who profits of the house'’
    • accu < ad (*h₂ed) eccum (*h1e- + *-ḱe) < + iste (*(h1)i- + *h1e-sm-/-si-/-i- + *tod) ‘to' + 'he' + 'proximal deicitc' + '? + 'he, she, it' + 'this, that' (n.)'’
    • *(h₁)i- + *h₁e-sm-/-si-/-i- + *tod ‘? + 'he, she, it' + 'this, that' (n.)’
    • *(h₁)i- + *h₁e-sm-/-si-/-i- + *so ‘? + 'he, she, it' + 'this, that' (m.)’
    • *e- + -ḱe ‘? + 'this, here'’
    • *(h₁)i- + *h₁e-sm-/-si-/-i- + *so ‘? + 'he, she, it' + 'this, that' (m.)’
    • *(h₁)i-to-, *(h1)i-so-
    • *h₂h₃m-ro-?
    • *ǵ^helh₃-i-uo- ‘yellow, green’
    • *teh₂u-ro- ‘bull’
    • *th₂euro-
    • *sprH-o- ‘spear, beam’
    • *g^wet-u- ‘pitch, resin’
    • *h₂lowp-ē̆k-, *h₂le/oupēḱ- ‘predator’
    • *h₂ulh₁-neh₂- ‘wool’
    • *h₁rud^h-ró- ‘red’
    • *b^hleh₃-uo- ‘yellow’
    • *h₂eh₁-t(-)r- ‘fireplace’
    • *h₂elb^h-o- ‘white’
    • *koit-/-d- ‘grey, grey-eyed’
    • *grē-wo- ‘grey’
    • *keh₂i-lo- ‘whole’
    • *(s)l(e/o)iH-uo- ‘plum-coloured, blueish’
    • *d^hus-uo- ‘dark, black, brown’
    • *ḱh₁s-no- ‘grey’
    • *b^he-b^hr-ú-, *b^he-b^hr-o-, *b^hi-b^hr-o- ‘brown; brown animal, beaver’
    • *h₂erǵ-u- ‘white’
    • *b^he/olH- ‘white’
    • *slH-V- ‘dirty yellow’
    • *d^hus-ko- ‘dark-coloured’
    • *pérh₃-i- ‘to provide’
    • *gʷeh₃, *gʷeh₃- ‘cow’
    • *h₂wŕ̥s-en- ‘male’
    • *uers- ‘male animal’
    • *uers-n- ‘male’
    • *ursēn- ‘male animal’
    • *dmh₂o- ‘the tamed one’
    • *demh₂- ‘to tame; to build, construct’
    • *peḱ-u- ‘cattle; livestock’
    • *h₁eḱwo- ‘horse’
    • *h₁eḱ-u- ‘horse’
    • *yugo- ‘yoke’
    • *(H)iunég-, *(H)iung- ‘to yoke’
    • *dheh₁-to- ‘having given birth’
    • *h₃ewi-, *h₂owi- ‘sheep’
    • *ueru-
    • *h₁er- ‘lamb, kid’
    • *h₁r-i-(e)t- ‘certain domestic animal’
    • *uet- ‘year’
    • *h₂egʷno-, *h₂egʷ-no- ‘lamb’
    • *kapr- ‘he-goat’
    • *porḱ-o-, *porḱo- ‘young pig, piglet; digger’
    • *glg-t- ‘milk’
    • *gal- ‘to call (out)’
    • *h₂eu-i- ‘bird’
    • *gal-so-
    • *h₂enh₂-ti- ‘duck’
    • *ḱuōn-, *ḱuon-m, *ḱun-os ‘dog’
    • *ḱu-on-
    • *mel-, *mel
    • *h₂eulo- ‘tube, cavity’
    • *meli- ‘honey’
    • *ulkʷ-o-, *ulkʷo- ‘wolf’
    • *h₂rtḱo- ‘bear’
    • *h₁pr-o-
    • *ḱer(h₂)-uo- ‘having horns’
    • *h₂le/oupēḱ-
    • *(H)ulp-i- ‘marten, cat’
    • *wḷp-i-
    • *ḱh₁-s-, *ḱeh₁-s- ‘grey’
    • *ḱh1s-no- ‘grey’
    • *ḱes-on-
    • *serp-e/o- ‘to creep’
    • *h₂e/ongʷh-
    • *h₂(e)ngʷh-i- ‘snake’
    • *h₂e/ogʷh-
    • *h₂éngʷhis, *h₂éngʷhis- ‘snake’
    • *wr̥mi- ‘snake, worm’
    • *ueip-es-
    • *(s)nh₁-tr-ih₂- ‘who spins round, snake’
    • *(s)nh₂-tr-, *(s)nh₂-tr ‘water snake’
    • *kor- ‘raven’
    • *ḱor-n- ‘crow, raven’
    • *ḱorH-k-
    • *ḱor(h₂)-uo- ‘crow, raven’
    • *h₃er-il-o-
    • *ḱer-n-, *ḱerh₂- ‘horn; head’
    • *ḱorh₂-ueh₂, *ḱorh₂-ueh₂-
    • *(H)uēnh₁-, *(H)unh₁- ‘desire’
    • *peḱ-os, -es- ‘what is being fleeced; (thus) cattle, wool’
    • *(s)keh₁u-t-
    • *kHut-
    • *séh₂-l-, *séh₂l- ‘salt’
    • *uoh₁i-no- ‘wine’
    • *ueh₁-i- ‘turn, twist’
    • *uih₁-on-
    • *ueih₁-n-, *ueih₁-ōn, *uih₁-en-m, *uih₁-on-m ‘vine; wine’
    • *kreuh₂-odh-o- ‘raw’
    • *kreuh₂-i-
    • *kruh₂-ōs ‘blood’
    • *gwíh3-ue/o- ‘to live’
    • *ongʷ- ‘to anoint’
    • *h₃ngʷ-én- ‘fat, butter’
    • *h₃engʷ-e/o- ‘to anoint; to smear, to anoint; to smear, to anoint; to smear, to anoint; to smear, to anoint’
    • *h₃ngʷ-én-s ‘fat, butter’
    • *h₃engʷ- ‘to smear, to anoint’
    • *teḱ-s- ‘to hew, to fabricate; to fashion’
    • *nōdo- ‘knot’
    • *néh₁-e-
    • *(s)neh₁-/*(s)nh₁- ‘to spin’
    • *gʷhiH-(s-)lo- ‘sinew, sinew thread’
    • *torkʷ-eie- ‘to twist’
    • *tark-, *terk-, *tork- ‘to twist’
    • *tarkʷ-
    • *terkʷ-, *trkʷ-
    • *syū- ‘to sew’
    • *siuH-ie/o- ‘to sew’
    • *h₂erh₃-ie-
    • *h₂erh₃-ie/o-, *h₂erh₃-tro-, *h₂erh₃-tr ‘to plough’
    • *h₂erh₃- ‘to plough’
    • *si-sh₁-e/o- ‘to sow’
    • *seg-e/o- ‘to adhere, fasten’
    • *terh₁-, *trh₁-, *treh₁-i- ‘to rub’
    • *bhruHg-ie/o- ‘to use’
    • *ǵrh₂-no- ‘that which has ripened, fruit, grain’
    • *h₂ed-es- ‘grain’
    • *h₂od-/*h₂d-
    • *h₁e/om-o- ‘what is (to be) taken’
    • *h₁eiH-ueh₂-, h₁eh₁i-ueh₂-
    • *uh₁i-ti-
    • *uh₁-i- ‘to weave, wrap’
    • *sekh₁-ie/o- ‘to cut off’
    • *ser(p)- ‘sickle, cut’
    • *ph₂u-ie/o-
    • *ph₂-n-ǵ- ‘to attach’
    • *slk-
    • *solk-o- ‘furrow’
    • *sélk-e
    • *solkeye/o-
    • *h₂erh₃-tro- ‘plough’
    • *h₂(e)rh₃-dhlom, *h₂(e)rh₃-dhlo-m
    • *sers-h₂- ‘cutting off’
    • *h₂esk-ieh₂-
    • *dolh₁-ie/o-, *d(e)lh₁-ie/o- ‘to cut’
    • *ueǵh-tlo-
    • *Hrot-o/h₂- ‘revolving; (whence) wheel’
    • *h₂eḱs-(i-) ‘axle, arm-pit’
    • *h₂eḱs-
    • *sm-h₂eḱs-ih₂-
    • *med-o-, *med-o/es- ‘measure’
    • *pi-n-s- ‘to grind’
    • *kʷelh₁-e/o- ‘to go round’
    • *h₂eh₁s-eh₁- ‘to be dry’
    • *h₂erh₃-uo- ‘ploughable’
    • *lois-h₂- ‘furrow, track’
    • *strig- ‘to brush, strip’
    • *ǵhiém-m ‘winter’
    • *ǵheim-r-ino-
    • *ues-r/n- ‘spring’
    • *h₂eidh-teh₂t-, *h₂eidh-tu- ‘burning, heat’
    • *kerp-e/o- ‘to pick, pluck’
    • *h₂éi-es-
    • *h₂ei-os, *h₂ei-es- ‘bronze; metal > copper > bronze’
    • *h₂rǵ-nt-o- ‘silver’
    • *h₂é-h₂us-o- ‘glow’
    • *leǵ(h)-no-
    • *méh₂-tr- ‘mother’
    • *kr-io-, *k(o)r-io- ‘torn off’
    • *(s)kor-h₂-
    • *(s)kor-
    • *plēn-eh₂, *plēn-eh₂-
    • *pel-en-eh₂-
    • *sḱey- ‘to cut’
    • *(s)kolh₂/3-tro- ‘instrument for cleaving’
    • *skólh₂/₃-, *sklh₂/₃-
    • *ḱēi-, *ḱēi ‘to sharpen’
    • *ḱs-tro- ‘knife’
    • *serp-, *srp- ‘to cut off’
    • *serp-, *srp- ‘to crawl’
  • Proto-Albanian
    • *tsestrā
    • *skalkja
    • *rāguša
    • *ǵhr(i)sD-
    • *wainā-
  • Albanian (Tosk)
    • verë ‘summer’
    • bishë ‘beast, animal’
    • lepur, ljepur ‘hare’
    • lepur i gropave ‘rabbit’
    • qen ‘dog’
    • kapua, kapue, kapósh ‘cock, rooster’
    • drithë ‘cereal, grain; wheat’
    • rapë, rrepë ‘turnip’
    • repë ‘turnip’
    • li ‘flax, linen’
    • linjë ‘linen, linen garment’
    • rrush ‘grape, resin’
    • dredhë ‘strawberry’
    • fil ‘thread’
    • yndyrë ‘grease, fat, oil’
    • shluk ‘blister’
    • helq, heq ‘to draw, to drag, to pull’
    • parmendë, parmenda ‘plough’
    • pallë ‘pole, club, wahing-stick, sword, mallet’
    • sharrë ‘saw’
    • thadër ‘double-sided axe’
    • laps ‘pencil’
    • ark ‘bow; arch’
    • shigjetë, shëgjetë ‘arrow’
    • vërri ‘winter pasture’
  • Hittite
    • iškalla-, iškall- ‘to slit, split, tear’
    • takš- ‘to devise, undertake’
    • tar(k)u- ‘to dance’
    • hāt-, hat- ‘to dry up, become parched’
    • ḫat- ‘dried grain (?)’
    • karaš- ‘wheat, emmer-wheat’
    • u̯ii̯an- ‘wine’
    • karāu̯ar, karaun- ‘horn(s), antlers’
    • ekku- ‘horse’
  • Proto-Armenian
    • *er-oǰ
    • *ghr̥yo-
  • Classical Armenian
    • hat ‘grain’
    • hatanem ‘to cut, to split’
    • haw ‘bird; rooster; hen; fowl’
    • kat'n ‘milk’
    • mełr ‘honey’
    • iž ‘viper, snake’
    • hačar ‘spelt, hulled wheat; rye’
  • Modern Armenian
    • mełr ‘honey’
    • meɫow ‘bee’
    • mełragini ‘mead’
    • kat'n ‘milk’
    • oroǰ ‘lamb’
    • erinǰ ‘heifer, young cow; cow; two-year old female calf; bride; young cow’
    • hačar ‘spelt, hulled wheat’
    • hat ‘grain, seed; piece, cut’
    • gari ‘wheat’
    • arawr ‘plough (tool); plough’
    • awcanem ‘I anoint’
    • c'elaw ‘split, tore’
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic
    • *plēn(i)aʔ
    • *pel-(e)n-
    • *árʔdlo, *árʔtlo
    • *kruHs, *krouio, *krouio-, *kruHs-
    • *arʔ-
    • *awiź-, *awiś-
    • *éiʔwaʔ
    • *taurós
    • *kórʔveʔ
    • *or-il-o-, *er-el-io-
    • *golsos
    • *angis
  • Latvian
    • krauklis ‘raven’
    • tàurs ‘aurochs’
    • suns ‘dog’
    • vērsis ‘ox (originally bull)’
    • iẽva ‘bird-cherry’
    • àuzas ‘oats’
    • art ‘to plough’
    • kâres ‘honeycomb’
    • ẽrcis ‘juniper’
    • šķèps ‘spear, javelin’
    • kapars ‘copper’
  • Lithuanian
    • áuksas ‘gold’
    • plėnė̃, plėvė̃ ‘membrane’
    • skeliù, skìlti, skélti ‘to split, to divide; to cleave, to strike fire’
    • korỹs ‘honeycomb’
    • kraũjas ‘blood’
    • árti ‘to plough’
    • artójas ‘ploughman’
    • avižà ‘oats’
    • rópė ‘turnip’
    • sė́menys ‘linseed, flaxseed’
    • ievà ‘bird-cherry’
    • veršis ‘calf, bull-calf’
    • skiriù ‘to separate, distinguish’
    • taũras ‘aurochs’
    • kranklys ‘raven’
    • kárvė ‘cow’
    • šárka ‘magpie’
    • angìs ‘snake, viper’
    • vilpišỹs ‘wildcat’
    • šuõ ‘dog’
  • Old Prussian
    • sarke ‘magpie’
    • curwis ‘ox’
    • arelie ‘eagle’
    • werstian ‘calf’
    • anctan ‘butter’
    • krawian, krauyo ‘blood’
    • lyso ‘field bed’
    • ausis ‘gold’
  • Proto-Slavic
    • *pelenà, *pelna ‘band, bandage’
    • *plěna ‘membrane’
    • *skorà, *skòra ‘bast, skin’
    • *korà ‘bark’
    • *orkỳta ‘brittle willow’
    • *òrdlo ‘plough’
    • *oràti ‘to plough’
    • *rēpa ‘turnip’
    • *ovь̀sъ ‘oats’
    • *tȗrъ ‘aurochs’
    • *sòrka, *svòrka ‘magpie’
    • *gȏlsъ ‘voice’
    • *golgolъ ‘speech, word’
  • Russian
    • gólos ‘voice’
    • soróka ‘magpie’
    • ovës ‘oats’
    • répa ‘turnip’
    • rakíta ‘brittle willow’
    • plená ‘membrane’
    • pelená ‘shroud, (dial.) nappy’
  • Bulgarian
    • rjápa ‘turnip’
  • Croatian
    • rȅpa ‘turnip; beet; money’
    • òvas ‘oats’
    • kȍra ‘bark, crust’
    • ràkita ‘brittle willow’
    • sjekira ‘axe’
    • ȃkvila ‘eagle’
    • jègulja ‘eel’
    • tûr ‘aurochs’
  • Serbian
    • tûr ‘aurochs’
    • jègulja ‘eel’
    • ȃkvila ‘eagle’
    • sjekira ‘axe’
    • ràkita ‘brittle willow, osier’
    • kȍra ‘bark, crust’
    • òvas ‘oats’
    • rȅpa ‘turnip; beet; money’
  • Slovene
    • repa ‘turnip’
    • sekira ‘axe’
    • jègulja ‘eel’
  • Czech
    • rádlo ‘plough’
    • skůra, skura, skora ‘(tanned) skin’
    • kůra ‘bark, crust’
    • rokyta ‘brittle willow’
    • řepa, řípa ‘beet’
    • orati ‘to plough’
  • Old Church Slavonic
    • orati ‘to plough’
    • rěpa ‘turnip’
    • sěmę ‘seed’
    • štapъ ‘stick’
    • kora ‘bark, crust’
    • pelena ‘band for swathing children’
    • ralo ‘plough’
    • sěkyra ‘axe’
    • lěxa ‘field bed, furrow, row’
    • glasъ ‘voice’
    • glagolati ‘to speak’
    • glagolъ ‘word, speech, event’
    • svraka ‘magpie’
    • turъ ‘bull’
  • Polish
    • siekiera ‘axe’
    • rzepa ‘turnip’
  • Proto-Celtic
    • *serrā ‘sickle’
    • *seg-(y)e/o-
    • *aksilā
    • *rete/o-
    • *skēno- ‘knife’
    • *damo-, *damato- ‘bull’
    • *ekʷo- ‘horse’
    • *erbā-
    • *ka/e/orī
    • *kapero-
    • *natrik- ‘serpent’
    • *galwo-
    • *gabro- ‘he-goat’
    • *angʷhō-
    • *gladio-, *kladio- ‘sword’
    • *kladimo-, *kladiwo- ‘sword’
  • Breton
    • kleze ‘sword’
    • kontell ‘knife’
    • saezh ‘arrow’
    • aour ‘gold’
    • ahel ‘axle; axis’
    • pal ‘spade, shovel’
    • lin ‘flax; linen’
    • rezinenn ‘grape (singulative)’
    • rezin ‘bunch of grapes (coll.)’
    • gwin ‘wine’
  • Cornish
    • lin ‘linen’
    • eghel ‘axle, axis’
    • owr ‘gold’
    • seth ‘arrow’
    • sarf ‘serpent (literary)’
    • nader ‘snake’
    • kledha ‘sword’
  • Middle Breton
    • clezeff ‘sword’
    • houat ‘duck’
    • saez ‘arrow’
    • contell ‘knife’
    • our ‘gold’
    • ahel ‘axle; axis’
    • lin ‘flax; linen’
    • guin ‘wine’
  • Middle Welsh
    • hëu ‘to sow, throw on, strew’
    • hwyat ‘duck’
    • neidr ‘snake’
  • Old Breton
    • redec ‘to run, flow’
  • Old Cornish
    • resek ‘to run, flow’
    • lien ‘linen’
    • nader ‘snake (generic)’
    • clethe ‘sword’
  • Old Welsh
    • redec ‘to run, flow’
  • Welsh
    • echel ‘axle; axis’
    • pâl ‘spade’
    • awr ‘gold’
    • cyllell ‘knife’
    • saeth ‘arrow’
    • lliain ‘flax; linen; canvass, cloth’
    • gwinronyn ‘grape’
    • gwin ‘wine’
    • aredig, arddu ‘to plough’
    • neidr ‘snake’
    • hwyad ‘duck’
    • gauar, gafr ‘goat, she-goat’
    • galw ‘to call’
    • sarff ‘serpent (literary)’
    • ceri ‘stone of a fruit’
    • caer-iwrch ‘roebuck’
    • cleddaum, cleddyf ‘sword’
  • Gaulish
    • epo, epos ‘horse’
    • *bāgos ‘beech’
    • ivo- ‘bird-cherry’
  • Irish
    • líon, lín ‘flax; linen’
    • searr ‘sickle’
    • fíon ‘wine’
    • claíomh ‘sword’
    • saighead ‘arrow’
    • gad ‘withe’
    • gad sailí ‘osier withe’
    • eascann nimhe ‘poisonous snake’
    • eascann ‘eel; reptile, snake’
  • Old Irish
    • escung ‘eel’
    • *ong, *ung ‘snake’
    • gabor ‘goat’
    • cáera ‘sheep’
    • erp, eirp, erb ‘she-goat; doe; roe-deer’
    • gas ‘twig, branch’
    • gat ‘osier, withe; tie made of osier’
    • saiget ‘arrow’
    • claideb ‘sword’
    • scían ‘knife’
    • airgeint ‘piece of silver money’
    • fín ‘wine’
    • serr ‘sickle’
    • lín ‘flax, linen; thread, fishing net’
    • lem ‘elm’
  • Scottish Gaelic
    • claidheamh ‘sword’
    • lìon ‘flax, linen; fishing net’
    • searr ‘sickle, reaping-hook; scythe; saw; generic cutting implement’
    • fìon ‘wine’
    • saighead ‘arrow’
    • gad ‘withe, twig, switch’
    • easgann ‘eel’
  • Proto-Germanic
    • *hesan-, *hazan- ‘hare’
    • *miliska-
    • *mili-dawwō-
    • *asilu- ‘donkey’
    • *gazda-
    • *gazdjō
    • *arhwō- ‘arrow’
    • *arχwō-az-
    • *sulha- ‘plow’
    • *arþra- ‘scratch plough’
    • *arjan-tro-
    • *wīnan ‘wine’
    • *arjan- ‘to plough’
    • *nēan- ‘to sew’
    • *līno- ‘flax’
    • *rōbjōn- ‘turnip’
    • *ates(s)ka-
    • *brūkjanaN ‘to use, to practice’
    • *gerstō- ‘barley’
  • Gothic
    • brukjan ‘to use’
    • brūks ‘useful’
    • atisk ‘cornfield, grain field’
    • lein ‘linen; canvas’
    • arjan ‘to plough’
    • wein ‘wine’
    • arƕazna ‘arrow’
    • gazds ‘sting’
  • Danish
    • gad ‘fish-hook’
    • vin ‘wine’
    • æsel ‘donkey’
    • asen ‘donkey (obsolete in this sense); lucky person, enviable person’
    • pels ‘fur; pelt’
    • bæst ‘animal, beast’
  • Elfdalian
    • win ‘wine’
  • Faroese
    • vín ‘wine’
    • asni ‘donkey’
    • asin ‘donkey’
  • Icelandic
    • asni ‘(male) donkey’
    • asna ‘female donkey’
    • vín ‘wine’
    • páll ‘spade’
  • Norwegian (Bokmål)
    • vin ‘wine’
    • beist ‘beast; dangerous wild animal’
    • pels ‘fur; fur garment’
  • Norwegian (Nynorsk)
    • pels ‘fur; fur garment’
    • beist ‘large wild animal; domestic animal, esp. of cattle’
    • vin ‘wine’
  • Old Norse
    • vín ‘wine’
    • páll ‘spade’
    • arðr ‘plough’
    • gaddr ‘spike, barb, point; goad’
    • ǫr ‘arrow’
    • kalla ‘to call’
    • asni, asna ‘(male) donkey’
    • asna ‘female donkey’
  • Old Swedish
    • āsne ‘donkey’
    • āsna ‘female donkey’
    • gadder ‘spike, barb, point’
    • vin ‘wine’
  • Swedish
    • vin ‘wine’
    • gadd ‘(insectʼs) sting; snakeʼs forked tongue; fang, tooth’
    • åsna ‘donkey’
    • best ‘beast; monster’
    • päls ‘fur; pelt’
  • Dutch
    • beest ‘beast, animal’
    • wijn ‘wine’
    • lijn ‘flax’
    • graan ‘grain, cereal’
    • reuf ‘turnip (dial.)’
    • knolraap ‘turnip’
  • English
    • pome ‘pome fruit’
    • line ‘flax; linseed (dial.)’
    • raisin ‘raisin, dried grape’
    • wine ‘wine’
    • tissue ‘tissue’
    • argent ‘silver, white’
    • sullow ‘plough’
    • sull ‘plough’
    • vehicle ‘vehicle’
    • beast ‘animal’
    • venison ‘deer meat/flesh; game meat’
    • pilch ‘pilch’
    • fawn ‘fawn, young deer’
    • eagle ‘eagle’
    • cobra ‘cobra’
    • viper ‘viper’
    • wyvern ‘mythical serpent, dragon’
    • serpent ‘serpent, snake’
  • German
    • Viper ‘viper’
    • Bestie ‘wild animal, predator’
    • Pelz ‘fur; fur clothing’
    • Wein ‘wine’
  • Middle Dutch
    • wîn, wijn ‘wine’
    • līn ‘flax’
    • rāpe, raep ‘turnip’
    • rove ‘turnip’
    • graen ‘particle, seed, kernel; (generic) grain, cereal’
    • beeste, beste ‘beast, animal’
  • Middle English
    • best, beest, beeste ‘animal’
    • venaison ‘game (meat), specifically the meat of larger animals’
    • foun, faon, faune, fawn ‘young animal; young fallow deer’
    • meldew, mildew ‘honey-dew, mildew’
    • egle ‘(golden) eagle’
    • viper, vyper, vypar, veper ‘poisonous snake; viper’
    • wyver, wyvern ‘poisonous snake, viper’
    • corbie ‘raven; carrion crow’
    • serpent, sarpent ‘snake, reptile; creeping thing’
    • pome ‘apple; pome’
    • lin ‘flax’
    • reisyn, resin, racin, raising ‘grape; bunch of grapes; dried grape’
    • wīn ‘wine’
    • tyssu ‘a rich kind of cloth; any woven fabric’
    • gresse ‘animal fat’
    • suluh, solow ‘plough’
    • argent ‘silver, white’
    • aewe, arewe, arowe ‘arrow’
    • arc ‘part of a circle or curve; arch’
  • Middle High German
    • dehsen ‘to break flax’
    • wīn ‘wine’
    • hase ‘hare’
    • viper, vipere, vipper ‘viper, snake’
    • bestia ‘beast, animal’
    • belz, pelz, belliz ‘fur clothing’
  • Middle Low German
    • pels, peltz ‘animal skin’
    • bêst ‘beast’
    • viper, vipere, vipper ‘viper, snake’
    • esel ‘donkey’
    • wīn ‘wine’
    • lîn ‘flax, linen’
    • gren, grein ‘corn (generic grain); seed; particle’
  • Old English
    • brūcan ‘to use’
    • brȳce ‘useful’
    • līn ‘flax’
    • wīn ‘wine’
    • earh ‘arrow’
    • culter ‘knife; cutting part of a plough’
    • sulh ‘plough’
    • pilece, pylece ‘outer garment made of animal skin with the fur used as a lining’
    • mildēaw, meledêaw ‘honey-dew, nectar’
    • milisc ‘sweet’
    • hara ‘hare’
  • Old Frisian
    • wîn ‘wine’
    • linnen ‘linen’
  • Old High German
    • brūhhi ‘useful’
    • brūhhan ‘to use’
    • gersta ‘barley’
    • evina ‘oats’
    • ruoba, ruoppa ‘turnip’
    • wīn, win ‘wine’
    • ancho ‘butter’
    • nājan, nāen ‘to sew’
    • gart ‘goad’
    • gerta ‘tail; twig; rod’
    • haso ‘hare’
    • ūwila, ūla ‘owl’
    • pelliʒ, belliʒ
    • pelliz ‘fur’
    • heitar ‘bright, clear’
  • Old Saxon
    • gerdia ‘tail; twig; rod’
    • wîn, win ‘wine’
    • gersta ‘barley’
    • brūkan ‘to use’
    • līn ‘flax’
  • Classical Greek
    • karpós ‘fruit, fruits of the earth, corn, yields’
    • trī́bō ‘to rub, grind; wear down, exhaust, consume, wear off’
    • kritʰḗ ‘grain of barley; barley’
    • kērós ‘wax’
    • kērión ‘wax-cake, honeycomb’
    • aróō ‘plough; plant’
    • keázō ‘to split’
    • árkeuthos ‘juniper’
    • skállō ‘to stir up, hoe’
    • kýprios ‘of/from Cyprus’
    • Kýpros ‘Cyprus’
    • pḗgnymi ‘to attach, to join’
    • hélkō ‘draw, drag’
    • holkós ‘attractive, trailing; hauling-engine for ships; furrow’
    • áxōn ‘axle; axis’
    • hámaxa ‘framework, chassis of a four-wheeled wagon; wagon; four-wheeled cart’
    • kámptō ‘to bend, curve’
    • kampḗ ‘bow, curvature’
    • ársēn, árrēn, érsēn, ársēs ‘male’
    • híppos ‘horse; mare’
    • ónos ‘donkey; ass; female ass’
    • arneiós ‘three-year-old ram; ram’
    • enkytí ‘onto the skin’
    • skŷtos ‘prepared skin, leather, leather thong; hide’
    • ptílon ‘fluff, down’
    • korṓnē ‘crow; shearwater’
    • hyláō ‘to bark’
    • býās ‘eagle-owl’
    • árktos, árkos ‘bear; Ursa maior’
    • lebērís ‘rabbit’
  • Modern Greek
    • róda ‘wheel’
    • tsekoúri ‘axe’
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan
    • ---
  • Sanskrit
    • lopāśá- ‘fox; jackal’
    • sá-/tá- ‘this’
    • ayám, iyám ‘this’
    • ká- ‘who?’
    • ahám ‘I (1Sg)’
    • śván-, śuna- ‘dog’
    • r̥ṣabhá- ‘bull’
    • vŕ̥ṣan- ‘man; bull; stallion; powerful’
    • vr̥ṣabhá- ‘manly, powerful; bull, boar, husband, ruler’
    • páśu-, paśú- ‘domestic or sacrificial animal; goat’
    • sarpá- ‘snake, viper’
    • sárpati ‘to creep, crawl’
    • úlūka- ‘owl’
    • vŕ̥ka- ‘wolf’
    • śaśá- ‘hare’
    • lopāka- ‘jackal; fox’
    • vayas- ‘bird’
    • śunī́- ‘bitch’
    • pajrá- ‘solid, firm’
    • pā́jas- ‘surface, face’
    • urvárā- ‘arable land, field yielding crop’
    • áyas- ‘metal, copper; iron’
    • cárman- ‘leather; animal skin, hide’
    • syūtá- ‘sewn up’
    • syū́man- ‘band, thong, bridle’
    • sū́tra- ‘wire, line, cord’
    • sī́vya- ‘to sew’
    • náhyanti ‘to bind together’
    • takṣ- ‘to hammer, form, fashion’
    • tarku- ‘spindle’
    • añj- ‘to anoint, to smear’
    • áñjas- ‘anointment’
    • jṛ- ‘to age, to grow old, to wear out’
    • jīrṇa- ‘old, worn out’
    • járant- ‘old’
  • Hindi
    • pasū ‘animal (such as goat or sheep)’
    • pas ‘buffalo-heifer’
  • Avestan
    • pasav-, pasu- ‘cattle; domestic animal, sheep’
    • aršan- ‘man, male’
    • varəšna- ‘manly’
    • varšnay- ‘ram’
    • gav- ‘cow; bull; cattle’
    • span- ‘dog’
    • azam ‘I (1Sg)’
    • ha-, ta- ‘this’
    • dva-, dvā- ‘two’
    • ka- ‘who?’
    • raopay- ‘a Canis species, fox or jackal’
    • spaka- ‘dog-like’
    • hū- ‘pig; sow’
    • urupi- ‘a Canis species; fox; dog; marten’
    • vəhrka-, vəhrkā- ‘wolf’
    • arša- ‘bear’
    • sruuā- ‘horn, nail’
    • viiāxti- ‘adornment, make-up’
    • tāšt ‘to fashion’
    • naska- ‘collection of texts’
    • naδa- ‘headgear’
    • čerəman- ‘leather; animal skin, hide’
    • aiiah-, ayah- ‘metal; copper; iron’
    • raϑa- ‘chariot’
  • Ossetian (Iron)
    • ruvas ‘fox’
  • Middle Persian
    • rōbāh ‘fox’
    • būf ‘owl’
    • vurk, gurg ‘wolf’
    • gurbag ‘cat’
  • Persian
    • robāh, rubāh, rubah ‘fox’
    • gurba, gorbe ‘cat’
    • gurg, gorg ‘wolf’
    • xirs, xers ‘bear’
    • xūk, xok ‘pig’
    • ki? ‘who?’
    • bum, buf ‘owl’
  • Proto-Italic
    • *spīr/s-
    • bukkā-?
    • χastā-
    • kū̆p
    • *osVno- ‘ash’
    • *tauro- ‘bull’
    • *frakse/ino-
    • fāgo- ‘beech’
    • *wlānā- ‘wool’
    • rāpo-
    • petsni- 'tail'
    • la/eped-
    • *saks-o-
    • traχe/o-
    • *per(e)i-, par-(e)i- ‘to bear; find, experience’
    • *gʷous
    • wors-en-
    • *kailo- ‘sky’
    • *(s)le/oiwo-, (s)līwo-
    • ātro- ‘black’
    • *alfo-  ‘white’
    • *flāwo- ‘yellow’
    • *ruþro-  ‘red’
    • *rutsto- ‘red’
    • *w(e)is-? ‘to be green’
    • fe/olawo-?
    • *fusko-
    • *sal-īwo-, *sal-es-ro- ‘dirty yellow’
    • *argu- ‘bright’
    • kasno- ‘grey’
    • *fifro- / fefro- ‘beaver’
    • *fuswo-
    • *agʷno- ‘lamb’
    • *wet-elo- ‘yearling, calf’
    • *pekuā
    • ariēt-s, eriēt-s
    • *kerō(n), kar-(V)n- ‘piece of meat’
    • *werw-ē-
    • *peku-, *pekos-
    • *jung-e/o-, -jug-, jug-o-, joug-es-, joug-s-mn-to-
    • *fēto-
    • *owi-
    • *ekʷo- ‘horse’
    • *pork-o-
    • *sūs
    • *lagt-, *glagt-
    • *kapro-, *kap-ro- ‘he-goat’
    • *awi- ‘bird’
    • *put-lo- ‘little boy, young of an animal’
    • *kō, *kʷanem, *kunos
    • *anati-
    • *api-?
    • *aulos
    • *meli
    • *lukʷo-, *lupo-
    • *orsso-?
    • *apro-, *aprōn-
    • *kerwo-, *kerawo- ‘horned animal, stag’
    • *kasno- ‘grey’
    • *wolp-i- ‘fox’
    • *serpe/o-
    • *angʷ-i- ‘snake’
    • *korwo-
    • *kornīk-, *kornāk- ‘crow’
    • *kornāko- ‘crow’
    • *kolos-ro-?
    • *weip-es-ā-?
    • wormi- ‘snake, worm’
    • *natriks, *snatriks
    • *pelni-
    • *wīno-
    • *sāls, *salos ‘salt’
    • *wēnā-je/o- ‘to hunt’
    • *wēn-o/ā- ‘hunting’
    • aksi- ‘axle’
    • akselā- ‘arm-pit, wing’
    • *rot-ā- ‘wheel’
    • *loisā-
    • *χiem- ‘winter’
    • χeim-r-ino- ‘wintry’
    • kʷele/o-, kʷolō-no-?
    • *ās-ē- ‘to be dry’
    • *ara/owo-
    • *seg-e/o- ‘to adhere, fasten’
    • *kampo- ‘field’
    • *medo-, medos- ‘measure, judgement’
    • *pins- ‘to grind’
    • *solko-
    • *serp-(j)e/o-?, sarp-to-
    • *pang-, pagto-, *pagto- ‘to attach’
    • *dolaje-
    • *wekti-
    • *sekaje/o-
    • *sersā- ‘saw’
    • *ajos, *ajes- ‘bronze’
    • *wes-or, *wes-n-
    • aissāt-, aissu-
    • *karp-
    • *argento-
    • *auso-
    • *legno-
    • *fūsti-, *feusti-, *fousti-
    • *mātēr, *mātr-
    • *korjo-
    • *laped-, *leped-
    • *k(e/o)l-tro- ‘knife’
    • *kastro-
    • *arkuo-, *arkʷo- ‘bow’
    • *sparo- ‘spear’
    • *χastā-
    • *(s)nē(je)-
    • *torkʷ-eie- ‘to twist’
    • *fīlo-, *fislo-
    • *s(j)ūje/o-, *s(j)ūto-
    • *araje/o-
    • si-se/o- ‘to sow’
    • *gwīwe/o- ‘to live’
    • *ongʷ-en- ‘ointment’
    • *ongʷ-e- ‘to anoint’
    • *tekse/o-
    • *kruwōs ‘blood’
    • *krowoþo-
    • *kerō, *kerōn ‘piece of meat’
    • *grāno-
    • *gwītā- ‘life’
    • *rāpo-
    • *χor(s)d-ejo- ‘barley’
    • *aweksnā-
    • *tera-, trei-, terasro- ‘drill’
    • *seg-et- ‘seed; sown land’
    • *frūg-
    • *līno- ‘flax’
    • *frāgo-
    • *oiwā-
    • *po-e/omo- ‘taken off, picked’
    • *wīti-
  • Catalan
    • poma ‘apple’
    • pom ‘fruit’
    • raïm ‘grape (generic)’
    • bagó ‘a single grape’
    • llupol ‘hops; Humulus lupulus’
    • lli ‘flax; linen’
    • civada ‘oats’
    • ordi ‘barley’
    • avena ‘oats’
    • gra ‘grain, cereal’
    • cera ‘wax’
    • ciri ‘candle’
    • vi ‘wine’
    • sèu ‘animal fat, tallow’
    • gras ‘fat’
    • untar ‘to anoint, to smear’
    • sembrar ‘to sow seed’
    • sement ‘seed’
    • llaurar ‘to plough’
    • laborar ‘to work’
    • fil ‘thread’
    • torcer ‘to twist, to bend’
    • tela ‘textile, cloth, woven material’
    • teixir ‘to weave’
    • arc ‘bow, arc, arch’
    • sageta ‘arrow’
    • cotell, coltell ‘knife; coulter’
    • llapis ‘pencil’
    • cuir ‘leather’
    • fusta ‘wood; wooden structure (of a house, a boat, etc)’
    • fust ‘wood (material)’
    • llenya ‘firewood’
    • lleny ‘ship’
    • or ‘gold’
    • ferro, ferre ‘iron’
    • estiu ‘summer’
    • primavera ‘spring’
    • autumne ‘autumn (poetic)’
    • aram ‘copper, bronze’
    • serra ‘saw’
    • jou ‘yoke’
    • pala ‘spade, shovel’
    • arada ‘plough’
    • camp ‘field for cultivation’
    • hivern ‘winter’
    • solc ‘furrow’
    • roda ‘wheel’
    • eix ‘axis, axle’
    • bèstia ‘animal; beast of burden’
    • llet ‘milk’
    • sal ‘salt’
    • pellissa ‘fur’
    • pèl ‘hair; fur’
    • mel ‘honey’
    • vibra ‘viper’
    • verm ‘worm’
    • cornella ‘crow’
    • corb ‘raven’
    • cérvol ‘deer’
    • àguila ‘eagle’
    • anguila ‘eel’
    • serp, serpent ‘snake’
    • llebre ‘hare’
    • llop ‘wolf’
    • lloba ‘female wolf’
    • abella ‘bee’
    • ànec ‘duck’
    • gat, gata ‘cat’
    • ca ‘dog’
    • gall ‘cock, rooster’
    • vedell ‘calf’
    • cabra ‘goat’
    • porc ‘pig; pork meat’
    • egua, euga ‘mare, female horse’
    • ovella ‘sheep’
    • ase ‘donkey’
    • anyell ‘lamb’
    • corder ‘lamb’
    • toro ‘bull’
    • llana ‘wool’
    • bou ‘ox’
    • parir ‘to give birth’
    • pell ‘skin; leather; hide, pelt’
    • falç, fals ‘sickle’
    • carn ‘meat, flesh’
    • os ‘bear’
    • greix ‘fat; grease’
  • French
    • chien ‘dog’
    • graisse ‘fat; grease, fat’
    • viande ‘meat’
    • faux ‘scythe’
    • faucille ‘sickle’
    • graine ‘seed; grain, seed, particle’
    • peau ‘skin; skin, leather; garment made of certain animal skins; skin (human or animal);’
    • bœuf ‘ox; bovine; beef’
    • vache ‘cow’
    • verrat ‘boar, male pig’
    • laine ‘wool’
    • taureau ‘bull’
    • or ‘gold’
    • agneau ‘lamb’
    • veau ‘calf, meat of calf’
    • jument ‘mare, female horse’
    • brebis ‘ewe; female adult sheep’
    • âne ‘donkey’
    • porc ‘pig’
    • chevreau ‘kid; young of the goat’
    • chèvre ‘goat (generic); female goat’
    • chienne ‘bitch’
    • canard ‘duck (generic); drake, male duck’
    • cane ‘female duck’
    • abeille ‘bee’
    • louve ‘female wolf’
    • loup ‘wolf’
    • lièvre ‘hare’
    • serpent ‘snake (generic)’
    • anguille ‘eel’
    • cerf ‘deer, stag’
    • grand corbeau ‘raven’
    • corbeau ‘crow (generic)’
    • aigle ‘eagle’
    • corneille ‘crow’
    • couleuvre ‘grass snake’
    • ver ‘worm’
    • vipère ‘viper’
    • guivre ‘wyvern (mythical serpent)’
    • miel ‘honey’
    • lait ‘milk’
    • poil ‘animal fur; human body hair; an individual hair’
    • vin ‘wine’
    • sel ‘salt’
    • biche ‘doe, female deer’
    • bête ‘animal’
    • venaison ‘game (meat), specifically the meat of larger animals’
    • vénerie ‘the art of hunting’
    • vener ‘to hunt’
    • faon ‘young of the deer’
    • pelisse ‘fur cloak’
    • essieu ‘axle’
    • roue ‘wheel’
    • rouelle ‘small wheel’
    • rôle ‘cylindrical object’
    • rouler ‘to roll’
    • hiver ‘winter’
    • champ ‘field for cultivation’
    • moyeu ‘hub’
    • culture ‘the work of cultivating the soil; the techniques and methods; (metonymy, generally in plural) cultivated piece of ground’
    • pelle ‘shovel’
    • pale ‘blade of an oar’
    • véhicule ‘vehicle; means of transport’
    • doloir ‘leather-workerʼs knife, used for scraping skins’
    • doloire ‘axe used by carpenters and barrel-makers; masonʼs shovel, used for mixing mortar; medieval battle-axe’
    • aissette ‘barrel-makerʼs curved hatchet; rooferʼs hammer’
    • aisseau, aisceau ‘hatchet, barrel-makerʼs curved hatchet’
    • scie ‘saw’
    • scier ‘to cut’
    • fer ‘iron’
    • airain ‘bronze’
    • automne ‘autumn’
    • été ‘summer’
    • argent ‘silver; money’
    • fût ‘tree trunk; barrel’
    • cuir ‘leather’
    • couteau de charrue ‘coulter’
    • couteau ‘knife; short sword’
    • coutre ‘coulter (plough blade); hatchet’
    • arc ‘bow, arc, arch’
    • toile ‘textile, cloth; spider's web; canvass, painting, sail, etc.’
    • tordre ‘to twist, to bend’
    • fil ‘thread’
    • filer ‘to spin (thread)’
    • labourer ‘to plough, to cultivate; to plough’
    • semer ‘to sow (seed)’
    • saison ‘season’
    • onguent ‘ointment; greasy or fatty substance for application to the skin’
    • oindre ‘to anoint’
    • gras ‘fat, fatty, greasy’
    • suif ‘animal fat, tallow; vegetal fat’
    • tisser ‘to weave’
    • cire ‘wax’
    • cierge ‘candle’
    • chair ‘flesh’
    • cru ‘raw’
    • grain ‘(generic) grain, cereal; small seed; small fruit, such as grapes or peppercorns; particle’
    • pomme ‘apple’
    • avoine ‘oats’
    • froment ‘cereal, grain; (specialised) wheat’
    • lin ‘flax; linen; linseed’
    • toile de lin ‘linen’
    • linge ‘piece of linen cloth, particularly as used in the home; table cloth, towel, sheet, etc’
    • serpette ‘smaller serpe, used for pruning vines and harvesting grapes’
    • serpe ‘thick-bladed sickle’
    • raisin ‘grape; fruit of the vine’
    • baie ‘berry’
    • glaive ‘sword’
    • gras ‘fat’
  • Friulian
    • fals ‘scythe, sickle’
    • lin ‘flax, linen’
    • semenâ ‘to sow (seed)’
    • vene ‘oats’
    • gran ‘grain, cereal’
    • cere ‘wax’
    • vin ‘wine’
    • sef ‘animal fat, tallow’
    • tesi ‘to weave’
    • tele ‘cloth, woven material’
    • sêe ‘to cut’
    • seâ ‘saw’
    • čhamp ‘field for cultivation’
    • unviêr ‘winter’
    • aruede ‘wheel’
    • turont ‘round’
    • rodele ‘small wheel’
    • lane ‘wool’
    • cierv ‘deer, buck’
    • salnitrio, salnitri ‘saltpetre, nitrate’
    • pêl ‘hair’
    • mîl ‘honey’
    • lipare, vipare ‘viper’
    • viêr ‘worm’
    • acuile ‘eagle’
    • jeur ‘hare’
    • lôv ‘wolf’
    • ors ‘bear’
    • galine, gjaline ‘hen’
    • gal, gjal ‘rooster’
    • añel, agnel ‘lamb’
    • bo ‘cow, ox’
    • gras ‘fat (organic substance); fat’
  • Italian
    • cane ‘dog’
    • grasso ‘fat (organic substance); fat’
    • carne ‘meat, flesh’
    • tondo ‘round; tondo’
    • pelle ‘skin (person's); skin, hide, leather’
    • sasso ‘stone’
    • falce ‘scythe, sickle’
    • lana ‘wool’
    • vacca ‘cow’
    • verro ‘boar, male pig’
    • bue, bove ‘ox’
    • toro ‘bull’
    • capra ‘goat’
    • vitello ‘calf’
    • agnello ‘lamb’
    • pecora ‘sheep’
    • ariete ‘horned ram’
    • giumento ‘beast of burden’
    • asino ‘donkey’
    • berbice ‘sheep’
    • gallo ‘cock, rooster’
    • caprone ‘male goat’
    • porco ‘pig’
    • lupo ‘wolf’
    • pecchia ‘bee’
    • ape ‘bee’
    • anatra, anitra ‘duck’
    • orso ‘bear’
    • volpe ‘fox (generic); vixen; crafty person’
    • lepre ‘hare’
    • serpente ‘snake’
    • anguilla ‘eel’
    • verme ‘worm’
    • angue ‘snake’
    • cervo ‘deer, stag’
    • aquila ‘eagle’
    • corvo imperiale ‘raven’
    • corvo ‘raven; rook, crow (generic)’
    • natrice ‘viperine (water snake)’
    • vipera ‘viper’
    • cornacchia ‘crow’
    • latte ‘milk’
    • miele ‘honey’
    • pelo ‘hair (on the body)’
    • vino ‘wine’
    • sale ‘salt’
    • bestia ‘beast, animal’
    • biscia ‘(non-poisonous) snake’
    • vello ‘fleece’
    • pelliccia ‘fur (esp. as product)’
    • asse ‘axis; pole; board’
    • sala ‘room; hall; axle’
    • mozzo ‘hub, nave of a wheel’
    • moggio ‘hole in which the mast of a ship stands; unit of measurement; the corresponding receptacle’
    • rotella ‘small wheel, cog’
    • rotolare ‘to roll’
    • ruolo ‘role’
    • rullare ‘to roll’
    • rotolo ‘cylindrical object’
    • rotare ‘to rotate’
    • ruota ‘wheel’
    • inverno ‘winter’
    • solco ‘furrow’
    • campo ‘field for cultivation’
    • serra ‘mountain chain’
    • segare ‘to cut with a saw’
    • ascia ‘adze’
    • scure ‘axe’
    • veicolo ‘vehicle; means of transport’
    • giogo ‘yoke’
    • pala ‘shovel’
    • solcare ‘to plough’
    • sega ‘saw’
    • aratro ‘plough’
    • asta ‘pole; lance, spear’
    • saetta ‘thunderbolt; arrow ’
    • coltello ‘knife’
    • coltro ‘coulter’
    • sassolino ‘pebble’
    • cuoio ‘leather’
    • lapide ‘tombstone’
    • fusto ‘stick, staff, pole’
    • argento ‘silver’
    • oro ‘gold’
    • estate ‘summer’
    • primavera ‘spring’
    • autunno ‘autumn’
    • rame ‘copper’
    • ferro ‘iron’
    • tela ‘cloth, canvass; woven material of cotton or linen’
    • filare ‘to spin (thread)’
    • filo ‘thread’
    • torcere ‘to twist, to bend’
    • seme ‘seed’
    • semente, sementa ‘seed’
    • seminare ‘to sow (seed)’
    • lavorare ‘to work, to cut, to carve, to knead, to cultivate’
    • arare ‘to plough’
    • tessere ‘to weave’
    • sevo, sego ‘tallow, animal fat; grease, fatty matter of animal or vegetal origin’
    • grascia ‘abundance, profit; animal grease’
    • unguento ‘ointment’
    • cera ‘wax’
    • cero ‘candle’
    • grano ‘wheat; (generic) grain, cereal’
    • grana ‘grain’
    • rapa ‘turnip, Brassica rapa’
    • frumento ‘cereal, grain; wheat’
    • avena ‘oats’
    • civaia ‘dry foodstuff’
    • cibo ‘food’
    • orzo ‘barley’
    • lino ‘flax; linen’
    • racimolo, gracimolo ‘individual grape in a bunch; small bunch of grapes consisting of few grapes; bunch of grapes’
    • luppolo ‘hops; Humulus lupulus’
    • pomo ‘fruit; knob’
    • vite ‘vine’
    • uva ‘grape; fruit of the vine’
  • Ladin
    • cerf ‘deer’
    • liever ‘hare’
  • Late Latin
    • vulpēcula ‘fox cub, little fox’
    • alvina ‘beehive’
    • pellicia ‘made of skins’
    • pellicia ‘made of skins’
    • ovicula ‘sheep, small ewe; small ewe; small ewe’
    • asellus ‘donkey’
    • lupŭlus ‘hops; Humulus lupulus’
    • falcicula ‘sickle, claw’
    • vivanda
    • fīlāre ‘to spin (thread)’
    • fīlāre ‘to spin (thread)’
    • aerāmen ‘copper; bronze’
    • aerāmen ‘copper, bronze’
    • cuprum ‘copper’
    • hibernum ‘winter’
  • Latin
    • hibernum tempus ‘wintery season’
    • hībernus ‘of winter; of winter; winterly; of winter’
    • striātus ‘furrowed, grooved’
    • hiems, hiemis ‘winter; storm; (by metonymy) year’
    • stria ‘channel, furrow, fold’
    • stringere ‘to bind fast, tighten; to strip off’
    • līra ‘furrow; ridge between furrows’
    • campus ‘flat land, plain, open field; (specialised:) field for cultivation’
    • pistillum, pistillus ‘pounder, pestle’
    • pīnsere ‘to pound, to crush’
    • modiolus ‘hub, nave of a wheel; axle in an oil press; hub, nave’
    • cultūra ‘cultivation, tillage, piece of cultivated land, care bestowed on plants, mode of growing plants, training or improvement of the faculties, observance of religious rites, veneration of a person, training of the body’
    • cultus ‘labor, care’
    • colere ‘to live in, inhabit; to take care of, honour’
    • ārea ‘ground, space, threshing floor’
    • ārere ‘to be dry’
    • rota ‘wheel’
    • rotāre ‘rotate’
    • rotūndus ‘wheel-shaped, round’
    • rotŭlus ‘cylindrical object’
    • rotella ‘small wheel’
    • modius ‘measure of volume for dry goods, esp. grain’
    • modus ‘measured amount, size, limit’
    • axis ‘axle; chariot; axis; sky; firmament’
    • arātrum ‘plough’
    • sulcus ‘furrow, channel, line traced in the soil; wake of a boat’
    • perarāre ‘to plough through’
    • aratorĭus ‘appropriate for ploughing’
    • sulcare ‘to make furrows, to cultivate, to plough; to split < sulcus m. ‘furrow’
    • *asciŏla
    • *asciāta
    • ascĭa ‘spade, adze, tool for digging the earth or for cutting stone ’
    • pāla ‘spade, shovel’
    • pangere ‘to insert firmly, fix’
    • iugum, jugum ‘yoke’
    • vehiculum ‘wheeled vehicle’
    • dolābra ‘a pick or similar tool’
    • cuneus ‘wedge’
    • dolāre ‘to hew or chop into shape’
    • secāre ‘to cut, sever’
    • sēcula ‘sickle, scythe’
    • secūris ‘axe’
    • secūricula ‘small axe’
    • secespita ‘kind of sacrificial knife’
    • serra ‘saw; serrated battle formation’
    • līma ‘file’
    • cupreum, cyprium ‘copper; copper (lit. Cyprian metal); copper’
    • autumnus ‘autumn’
    • aes, -ris ‘copper, bronze; money’
    • ferrum ‘iron, steel’
    • aestās ‘heat; summer’
    • vēr ‘spring’
    • primo vere ‘beginning of the spring’
    • aestivum (tempus)
    • hibernum ‘winter’
    • aurum ‘gold’
    • argenteus ‘of silver’
    • fūstis ‘cut wood, stick baton, club’
    • lignum ‘wood; firewood’
    • māteria ‘material, substance, wood’
    • māter, mātris ‘mother’
    • culter, cultrī ‘knife; cutting part of a plough’
    • sacēna, scēna ‘dolabra pontificalis (sacrificial dagger); sacrificial axe’
    • cultellus ‘small knife; knife’
    • castrāre ‘to castrate; to thin out (plants)’
    • cōs ‘whetstone’
    • catus ‘clever, shrewd’
    • sica ‘dagger’
    • sagitta ‘arrow’
    • hasta ‘spear, staff’
    • arcus ‘bow; arch’
    • sparus ‘hunting-spear, javelin’
    • fīlum ‘thread, line; build (of a person)’
    • torquēre ‘to turn around, to twist’
    • tēla ‘weave; spider's web; cloth; intrigue’
    • nectere ‘to weave, twine together’
    • *nedere
    • nōdus ‘knot, node’
    • nēre ‘to spin, to weave’
    • arāre ‘to plough’
    • consuere ‘to sew, to join one thing to another; to plan’
    • suere ‘to sew’
    • laborāre ‘to work, to strive, to endure, to make an effort’
    • labor ‘work, labour’
    • semināre ‘to sow; to produce, to procreate, to disseminate, to propagate’
    • serere ‘to sow, to plant’
    • sementis ‘seed; act of sowing’
    • semen ‘seed’
    • satĭo, -ōnis ‘act of sowing, sowing-time’
    • vivenda ‘means of life, sustenance’
    • vīvere ‘to live’
    • crūdus ‘raw, bloody, rough, cruel’
    • cerĕus ‘candle’
    • cēreolus ‘of the colour of wax’
    • cēra ‘wax’
    • unguentum ‘perfume, essence, perfumed oil; ointment’
    • unguere ‘to smear, to grease’
    • unguen ‘fat, grease’
    • unctus ‘anointed, perfumed, dyed, seasoned; (by extension) elegant, rich, opulent; the anointed (speaking of Christ)’
    • unctum ‘oil; perfume; good food’
    • unctura ‘(act of) anointing or perfuming (a corpse)’
    • grassus ‘fat, fatty, greasy’
    • crassus ‘fat’
    • sēbum ‘animal fat; hard animal fat, tallow, suet, grease’
    • texere ‘to weave, construct’
    • falcicula ‘a small sickle’
    • sarpere, sarpiere ‘to prune (a vine)’
    • pavīre ‘to thump, to pound, to strike’
    • pavīmentum ‘pavement’
    • sīcīlis ‘sickle’
    • sīca ‘dagger’
    • carpere ‘to pluck, gather’
    • līnum ‘flax plant, linseed; linen thread; linen’
    • frāga-ōrum ‘strawberry’
    • līnea ‘linen thread; line’
    • līneus ‘flaxen’
    • līneum ‘linen garment’
    • lineus ‘of linen, of canvass’
    • racēmus ‘bunch, cluster (of grapes or other fruit)’
    • bāca, bacca ‘fruit of tree or shrub, berry, nut, etc; ball, anything of a form similar to that of a round, fleshy fruit’
    • uva ‘grape; fruit of the vine’
    • (mala) mattiāna
    • vītis ‘grape-vine’
    • hordeum ‘barley’
    • cibus ‘food’
    • cibaria ‘food’
    • cibāre ‘to feed, to nourish’
    • cĭbus ‘food’
    • avēna ‘oats; stalk, straw (MDV); pastoral flute (DH)’
    • frūmentum ‘cereal, grain for fodder’
    • fruor ‘to enjoy (the produce of)’
    • silīgō ‘soft variety of wheat’
    • seges, segetis ‘field of corn, sowing field, arable land; field of corn, arable land’
    • terere ‘to rub, to thresh’
    • rapum ‘turnip’
    • pōmus, pōmum ‘fruit-tree; fruit’
    • grana ‘grain, cereal’
    • arvum ‘plough-land, field; ploughed land’
    • vīta ‘life’
    • grānum ‘(generic) grain, cereal; grape, seed’
    • granum ‘grain, grape, seed’
    • asinus ‘ass, donkey; wooden support piece for a roof’
    • jūmentum, jūmenta ‘beast of burden; female horse’
    • jungere ‘to put in the yoke, to join’
    • ovis ‘sheep’
    • ovicūla ‘sheep’
    • fētus ‘having recently given birth; fertile’
    • fētus ‘parturition, breeding, offspring’
    • fēta ‘a female animal which has just given birth’
    • ariēs ‘ram, male sheep; battering ram’
    • pecora ‘beast, (domesticated) animal’
    • pecus, -oris ‘cattle, livestock; herd, flock’
    • vervex ‘wether, castrated male sheep’
    • pecū ‘flock, herd, (small) cattle, sheep’
    • pecūnia ‘money, wealth; property, wealth’
    • agnellus ‘lamb’
    • agnus ‘lamb’
    • vitēllus ‘calf’
    • carnarius ‘relative to meat’
    • *vitēllus, vĭtŭlus ‘calf’
    • capra ‘goat (generic); female goat’
    • caper ‘he-goat, buck’
    • hircus ‘male goat’
    • cōrdus, chōdus ‘born late (of fruit and animals), used mainly in reference to lambs’
    • rōbus ‘kind of red’
    • ātrium ‘first main room in Roman-style house’
    • cānus ‘white (especially of hair); white (esp. of hair)’
    • cānūtus ‘grey’
    • fiber ‘beaver’
    • arguere ‘to show, affirm’
    • fulvus ‘brown, sandy, gold-coloured’
    • fuscus ‘dark, dusky; brown’
    • flāvus ‘yellow, blonde’
    • āter ‘black’
    • niger ‘black, dark’
    • albus ‘white’
    • caesius ‘bright, clear’
    • caesius ‘grey, grey-eyed’
    • rāvus ‘grey, tawny’
    • venetus ‘wind’
    • furvus ‘dark-coloured, dusky’
    • argentum ‘silver’
    • caelum ‘sky, heaven, vault of heaven’
    • caerulus ‘blue’
    • bōs ‘bovine animal, cattle; ox, bull; cow’
    • pariō ‘to give birth to, bear’
    • verres ‘boar, male pig; castrated boar ’
    • vacca ‘cow’
    • equa ‘mare’
    • equus, equa ‘horse’
    • lāna ‘wool’
    • falcula ‘pruning-knife, bill-hook’
    • fāgus ‘beech’
    • fraxinus ‘ash tree’
    • ornus ‘kind of ash tree’
    • falx, -cis ‘hook, scythe, sickle’
    • taurus ‘bull’
    • sabulum ‘sand’
    • harēna, arēna ‘sand’
    • īnsece ‘say (v)’
    • aiō ‘say (v)’
    • videō ‘see (v)’
    • sedeō ‘sit (v)’
    • pellis ‘skin; hide; pelt’
    • corium ‘skin; leather, hide’
    • stāre, stō ‘stand (v)’
    • lapis ‘stone; pebble’
    • saxum ‘stone; rock, boulder’
    • nāre, nō ‘swim (v)’
    • pēnis ‘tail; penis’
    • ille, illa, illud ‘that’
    • hic, haec, hoc ‘this’
    • tū ‘thou (2sg)’
    • dēns ‘tooth’
    • tepidus ‘warm (of weather)’
    • mulier ‘woman’
    • helvus ‘yellow (color)’
    • galbinus ‘yellow (color)’
    • dō ‘give (v)’
    • mānus ‘good’
    • pilus ‘hair (of head); fur, hair’
    • mactāre ‘kill (v)’
    • sapiō, sapere ‘know (v)’
    • tongēre ‘know (v)’
    • pēdis ‘louse (lice)’
    • multus ‘many’
    • carnis, carō ‘meat; flesh; pulp of fruit; pith of a tree’
    • collus ‘neck’
    • cervīx ‘neck’
    • ne-, nōn ‘not’
    • homō ‘human (being); man’
    • avis ‘bird’
    • niger ‘black; dark’
    • cruor ‘blood (n); blood from a wound; bloodshed’
    • sinus ‘breast, bosom; lap; chest; curved surface; curve;’
    • pectus ‘breast; chest’
    • cremāre, cremō ‘burn (intr. v)’
    • ūrō ‘burn (intr. v)’
    • gelidus ‘cold (of weather)’
    • moritur, morior ‘die (v)’
    • canis, canēs ‘dog’
    • bibō, bibere ‘drink’
    • tellus ‘earth (soil, ground)’
    • terra ‘earth (soil, ground); land, region, country’
    • edere ‘eat’
    • penna ‘feather; wing’
    • plūma ‘feather; plume’
    • sāl ‘salt’
    • colostra, colustra ‘beestings, first milk of a milking’
    • *salnitrum
    • vīnum ‘wine’
    • vellus ‘fleece; sheepskin with wool, sheep´s wool, animal skin’
    • vēnātiōnem ‘hunting’
    • bēstia ‘beast, animal’
    • vēnātus ‘hunt’
    • venatio, -ionis ‘hunt, spoils of the hunt, game’
    • vēnārī ‘to hunt’
    • vultur ‘vulture’
    • corvus ‘raven’
    • aquila ‘eagle’
    • cornīcula ‘small crow’
    • cornīx, cornīcis ‘crow’
    • colubra ‘snake, serpent; female snake’
    • natrix, -icis ‘water-snake’
    • vīpera ‘poisonous snake’
    • alvus ‘belly, beehive’
    • mel, -llis ‘honey; (by extension) sweetness, sweet talk, delight’
    • apis ‘bee’
    • apicula ‘bee’
    • lupus ‘wolf; the plant Lupinus albus’
    • lupa ‘female wolf; prostitute’
    • anas, anatis ‘duck’
    • canīcula ‘bitch’
    • cattus ‘cat (wild, later domesticated)’
    • porcus ‘pig; fat or greedy person’
    • suīnus, suīlus ‘of or pertaining to pigs’
    • lac, lactis ‘milk; sap or juice of a milky appearance’
    • *capro
    • sūs ‘pig, sow’
    • pullus ‘young chicken; young of an animal, esp. young cock, hen; foal’
    • pulla ‘young hen’
    • gallīna ‘hen; chicken (generic)’
    • gallus ‘cock, rooster’
    • cāpus ‘capon, castrated cock’
    • stercus gallinaceum
    • gallo ‘cock, rooster’
    • volpēs ‘fox’
    • ursus ‘bear’
    • aper ‘wild boar’
    • axiō ‘horned owl’
    • cervus ‘stag, deer’
    • būbō ‘horned owl; horned or eagle owl’
    • ulula ‘the tawny owl’
    • lepus ‘hare’
    • serpēns ‘snake, serpent’
    • serpere ‘to crawl, to glide’
    • anguis ‘snake’
    • vermis ‘worm, maggot’
    • anguilla ‘eel’
    • humus ‘earth; ground’
    • hūmānus ‘human’
    • iste, ista, istud ‘that’
    • gladius ‘sword’
    • ulmus ‘elm’
  • Middle French
    • goupil ‘fox’
    • pon, pom
    • saiete, sayette ‘arrow’
    • fuste ‘wood (material); wooden beam, log; light and rapid wooden warship’
    • argent ‘silver’
  • Occitan
    • argent ‘silver’
    • aur ‘gold’
    • fusta ‘wood, wooden beam’
    • lenha ‘wood’
    • estat ‘summer’
    • primavera ‘spring’
    • ferre ‘iron’
    • aram ‘bronze’
    • sageta ‘arrow’
    • cotèl, coltel ‘knife’
    • coltre, coitre ‘coulter’
    • pèl ‘skin, hide, leather’
    • serra ‘saw, sickle; mountain chain’
    • ressega ‘saw’
    • segar ‘to reap, to harvest’
    • doladoira ‘axe’
    • viacòl ‘vehicle; means of transport’
    • jo ‘yoke, yoke’
    • pala ‘shovel’
    • palavèrs ‘spade’
    • araire ‘plough’
    • ròda ‘wheel’
    • mojòl ‘nave, hub; yoke of an egg’
    • ais ‘axle, axis’
    • camp ‘field for cultivation’
    • ivern ‘winter’
    • poma ‘apple’
    • pom ‘apple’
    • uva ‘bunch of grapes; grape’
    • baga ‘grain, berry, seed’
    • vit ‘vine’
    • razim, rasim ‘grape’
    • lin ‘flax; linen’
    • faus ‘scythe’
    • grá, gran ‘wheat; (generic) grain, cereal’
    • raba ‘turnip’
    • semenar ‘to sow (seed)’
    • froment ‘any cereal/grain used for making flour for alimentry purposes; wheat’
    • avena ‘oats’
    • civada ‘oats’
    • òrdi ‘barley; cereal (generic)’
    • téisser, tésquer ‘to weave’
    • seu ‘animal fat, tallow’
    • graissa ‘animal grease’
    • vin ‘wine’
    • cera ‘wax’
    • carn ‘flesh, meat’
    • laurar ‘to plough’
    • tela ‘cloth, canvass; woven material’
    • fial ‘thread’
    • tórser ‘to twist, to bend’
    • filar ‘to spin (thread)’
    • volp ‘fox’
    • volpilh, volpilha ‘fox’
    • ors ‘bear’
    • sèrp ‘snake’
    • lèbre ‘hare’
    • gal ‘cock, rooster’
    • cabra ‘goat’
    • porc, pòrc ‘pig’
    • canh, canha ‘dog’
    • anet, anede, aneda ‘duck’
    • lop ‘wolf’
    • abelha ‘bee’
    • vèrme ‘worm’
    • vipèra ‘viper’
    • cornelha, cornalha ‘crow’
    • còrb ‘crow’
    • cerf, cèrvi ‘deer, stag’
    • agla ‘eagle’
    • vèl ‘fleece’
    • pelissa ‘fur (esp. as product)’
    • sal ‘salt’
    • lach ‘milk’
    • pel ‘hair’
    • mèl ‘honey’
    • lana ‘wool’
    • èga ‘mare, female horse’
    • vaca ‘cow’
    • vèrre ‘male pig’
    • buou ‘ox’
    • taur ‘bull’
    • anhèl, anhèla ‘lamb’
    • vedèl, vedèla ‘calf’
    • pec, peca ‘stupid’
    • aret ‘ram, male sheep’
    • oelha ‘ewe, female sheep’
    • jumen ‘beast of burden’
    • ase ‘donkey’
    • dama ‘fallow deer’
  • Old French
    • asne ‘donkey’
    • jument ‘beast of burden; female horse’
    • berbis ‘sheep’
    • oeille ‘sheep’
    • vedel, veel, viaul ‘calf’
    • torel, toreau ‘bull, young bull’
    • tor ‘bull’
    • buef, beuf ‘ox, castrated bull; meat of this animal’
    • ver ‘(wild) boar, male pig’
    • vake, vache ‘cow’
    • ive ‘female horse’
    • falcilles ‘sickle’
    • fauz, faulx ‘scythe, sickle’
    • pel ‘skin (person's); skin’
    • char, charn, carn ‘meat, flesh’
    • craisse, graisse, gresse ‘fat (organic substance); animal or human fat’
    • lait ‘milk’
    • mel ‘honey’
    • peil, pol ‘hair, body hair, animal hair’
    • sel ‘salt’
    • vin ‘wine’
    • faon, faün ‘young of a wild animal; young deer’
    • lainne, leine, laine ‘wool’
    • veneson, veneisun, venison, venoison ‘hunt, game’
    • bisse ‘(wild) animal; female deer’
    • cerf ‘deer’
    • beste ‘beast, animal’
    • corp ‘raven; crow’
    • eigle, egle, aille ‘eagle’
    • corb ‘raven’
    • guivre, givre, vouivre, vivre, wyvre, wivre ‘(poisonous) snake; viper’
    • verm ‘worm’
    • vipere, vipre
    • ef ‘bee’
    • leu ‘wolf’
    • ane, anete ‘duck’
    • caper ‘male goat’
    • jal ‘cock, rooster’
    • lievre ‘hare’
    • serpent ‘snake’
    • urs ‘bear’
    • gupil ‘fox’
    • file ‘to pour, to pour away (int.); to lengthen, stretch; to spin thread’
    • fil ‘thread’
    • tordre ‘to twist, to bend, to deform’
    • teile, toile ‘cloth, simply woven material’
    • arer ‘to plough’
    • car ‘human flesh, human body’
    • cyre, chire, cire ‘wax’
    • gras ‘fat, fatty, greasy’
    • seu, sieu, siu, sui ‘melted animal fat, tallow; vegetal grease’
    • tissu ‘belt; woven headband; dress’
    • tistre ‘to weave’
    • uindre ‘to anoint with grease or some other fatty substance’
    • unguere ‘to smear, to grease’
    • onguent ‘medicine applied to the skin’
    • aveine ‘oats’
    • reve ‘turnip’
    • pon, pom ‘apple’
    • grain, grein ‘grain, cereal’
    • serpe ‘sickle’
    • linge ‘of linen, of canvass’
    • raisin ‘grape; fruit of the vine’
    • rond ‘round’
    • arere ‘plough’
    • doleoire ‘axe, carpenterʼs tool’
    • aisse ‘hatchet’
    • cultre, coutre ‘coulter (plough blade)’
    • saete, saiete ‘arrow’
    • arc ‘bow, curve, arch’
    • haste ‘lance, spear’
    • arain ‘bronze’
    • automne, auptonne ‘autumn’
    • primevoire, primevere ‘spring’
    • ested, estet, esté ‘summer’
    • argent ‘silver; silver currency’
    • glai ‘gladiolus’
    • gladie ‘lance’
    • glaive ‘sword, massacre’
  • Old Italian
    • ghiado ‘sword’
    • ritondo ‘round’
    • poma ‘fruit’
    • pómo ‘fruit tree’
    • lova ‘she-wolf’
  • Old Portuguese
    • aradro
  • Old Provençal
    • segar ‘to saw’
    • ivern ‘winter’
    • fusta
    • uva ‘grape’
    • laorar, laborar ‘to plough’
    • aigla ‘eagle’
    • berbitz ‘wether; ram (?)’
    • glai ‘sword’
  • Old Spanish
    • aguila ‘eagle’
    • hormiento ‘wheat’
    • fusta ‘wood’
    • argento ‘silver’
    • aramne ‘bronze’
  • Portuguese
    • arame ‘(formerly) brass; brass wire, (by extension) wire of any metal, esp. copper or iron’
    • outono ‘autumn’
    • estio ‘summer, heat; maturity’
    • verão ‘summer’
    • primavera ‘spring’
    • argentar ‘to plate with silver’
    • ouro, oiro ‘gold’
    • ferro ‘iron’
    • madeira ‘wood’
    • lenha ‘firewood’
    • fuste ‘wooden pillar’
    • hasta ‘spear’
    • haste ‘pole; stem, stalk’
    • seta ‘arrow’
    • cutelo ‘cleaver’
    • lápide ‘engraved stone, marker stone, tombstone’
    • lápis ‘pencil’
    • cuoro ‘leather; animal skin, hide’
    • inverno ‘winter’
    • sulco ‘furrow’
    • campo ‘plain; flat ground, esp. for cultivation’
    • cultura ‘the act, work, or process of cultivating the land; cultivation; a cultivated piece of ground; the knowledge, creations, manners etc. of a person or a social group’
    • eixo ‘axle; axis’
    • roda ‘wheel’
    • veiculo ‘vehicle; means of transport’
    • segadeira ‘scythe’
    • segar ‘to cut (grass, cereals. etc.)’
    • serrote, serrota ‘small handsaw’
    • serra ‘saw; mountain chain’
    • segure ‘axe’
    • segado ‘cut’
    • aradoiro ‘plough’
    • arado ‘plough; agricultural work’
    • sulcar ‘to make furrows or open channels with a plough’
    • pá ‘spade, shovel’
    • enxó ‘adze’
    • enxada ‘mattock, hoe, spade’
    • frumento ‘a species of wheat; any cereal (generic)’
    • frumental ‘a type of oats’
    • semear ‘to sow (seed)’
    • sazão ‘sowing’
    • aveia ‘oats’
    • cevada ‘barley (plant and grain)’
    • cevo ‘food, nutricion; bait’
    • grão ‘(generic) grain, cereal; particle’
    • uva ‘grape; fruit of the vine; beautiful woman, by extension, anything that is beautiful’
    • maçã ‘apple’
    • pomar ‘orchard’
    • pomo ‘apple; fruit’
    • baga ‘a single fruit, of any species that produces fleshy fruit’
    • bago ‘grape; a single grape; any fleshy fruit’
    • videira ‘vine (generic); grape vine (Vitis vinifera)’
    • vide ‘vine; shoot of a vine; part of the umbilical cord that remains attached to the placenta’
    • racimo ‘bunch, cluster (esp. of grapes)’
    • linho ‘flax; linen’
    • linhaça ‘linseed’
    • lúpulo ‘hops; Humulus lupulus’
    • lavrar ‘to plough; to cut, to carve, to engrave; to build, to work stone’
    • lavoura ‘agriculture, tillage, ploughing’
    • arar ‘to plough’
    • teia ‘weave (noun); textile, cloth, canvass; (spider's) web; intrigue, complex situation’
    • tela ‘cloth, gauze, canvas, painting, cinema screen’
    • tecer ‘to weave; to spin; to interlace’
    • torcer ‘to twist, to bend’
    • fiar ‘to spin (thread)’
    • unguento ‘perfume; grease-based medicament; ointment’
    • unto ‘pork fat, lard, dripping; grease, oil’
    • sebo ‘animal fat, tallow, suet; fat, grease; sebaceous wax’
    • graixa ‘grease; wax polish’
    • cera ‘wax’
    • círio ‘wax taper’
    • vinho ‘wine’
    • águia ‘eagle’
    • corvo ‘raven; crow (generic)’
    • cervo ‘deer (generic)’
    • verme ‘worm (generic)’
    • víbora ‘viper’
    • cobra ‘snake (generic)’
    • bicho ‘animal; ferocious animal; insect; vermin’
    • veada ‘female deer (generic)’
    • veado ‘deer (generic); venison’
    • veação ‘hunting’
    • velo ‘wool on the animal; animal skin; fleece’
    • velocino ‘fleece, sheepskin’
    • sal ‘salt’
    • pêlo ‘animal hair; human body hair; any filament’
    • pelliça ‘fur’
    • mel ‘honey’
    • lobo ‘wolf’
    • loba ‘female wolf’
    • abelha ‘bee’
    • galo ‘cock, rooster; chicken (generic)’
    • galinha ‘hen; chicken (generic)’
    • leite ‘milk; white sap of certain fruits or plants’
    • porco ‘pig; male pig; pork’
    • porca ‘female pig’
    • golpelha ‘fox’
    • cã ‘grey hair’
    • urso ‘bear’
    • serpente ‘snake, especially larger or poisonous varieties’
    • lebre ‘hare (generic), female hare’
    • lebrão ‘male hare’
    • enguia ‘eel’
    • carneiro ‘ram, sheep (generic)’
    • aríete ‘battering ram’
    • vitela ‘calf under one year of age; meat of this animal’
    • cordeiro ‘male lamb, lamb meat’
    • anho ‘lamb’
    • ovelha ‘sheep (generic), ewe’
    • jumento ‘donkey; fool’
    • égua ‘mare, female horse’
    • asno, asna ‘ass, donkey, jackass; fool’
    • varrão ‘boar, uncastrated boar; womanising man, migrant farm-worker’
    • vaca ‘cow’
    • boi ‘bovine, bull, ox’
    • parir ‘to give birth (esp. of animals)’
    • touro ‘bull’
    • lã ‘wool’
    • cão ‘dog, hound; hammer (of gun)’
    • carne ‘meat, flesh’
    • semente ‘seed’
    • pele ‘skin; hide; fur’
    • foice, fouce ‘scythe, sickle’
  • Proto-Gallo-Romance
    • damma, dāma ‘fallow deer’
  • Provençal
    • bou; boio ‘bull; cow’
    • taur ‘bull’
    • ego, ègo ‘mare, female horse’
    • ovelha ‘sheep’
    • lèbre, lèbro ‘hare’
    • sèrp ‘snake’
    • ors ‘bear’
    • loup ‘wolf’
    • volp ‘fox’
    • gal ‘cock, rooster’
    • abeiho ‘bee’
    • can ‘dog’
    • gat ‘cat’
    • mèl ‘honey’
    • pel ‘hair’
    • lach ‘milk’
    • sal ‘salt’
    • lana ‘wool’
    • vipèro ‘viper’
    • agla ‘eagle’
    • cerf, cèrvi ‘deer’
    • còrb ‘raven’
    • vi ‘wine’
    • cera ‘wax’
    • ciri, cire ‘candle’
    • carnago ‘meat’
    • gras ‘fat’
    • seu ‘animal fat, tallow’
    • torser ‘to twist, to bend’
    • teiser ‘to weave’
    • tela ‘textile, cloth, woven material’
    • lavorar ‘to plough’
    • laorar ‘to work, to plough, to cultivate’
    • semenar ‘to sow (seed)’
    • sazon
    • semen ‘seed’
    • lin ‘flax, linen’
    • faus, fants ‘scythe, sickle’
    • razim ‘grape’
    • vid ‘vine’
    • pom ‘apple’
    • gran, gra ‘grain, cereal’
    • grana ‘grain, particle’
    • òrdi ‘barley’
    • fromen ‘wheat’
    • serra ‘saw’
    • segar ‘to cut’
    • roda ‘wheel’
    • campo ‘field for cultivation’
    • sageto ‘arrow’
    • fust ‘shaft, handle’
    • aur, au ‘gold’
    • fèr, far ‘iron’
    • argènt ‘silver’
    • primavera ‘spring’
  • Romanian
    • primăvară ‘spring’
    • vară ‘summer’
    • toamnă ‘autumn’
    • aramă ‘copper, bronze; copper’
    • argint ‘silver; coin; money’
    • arginți ‘silver’
    • aur ‘gold’
    • fier ‘iron’
    • fuşte ‘club, lance, wooden spear’
    • săgeată ‘arrow’
    • arc ‘bow, arc, arch’
    • cîmp ‘field for cultivation’
    • iarnă ‘winter’
    • roată ‘wheel’
    • rătund ‘round’
    • vehicul ‘means of transport’
    • secure ‘axe’
    • jug ‘yoke’
    • sămăna ‘to sow (seed)’
    • orz ‘barley’
    • grâu ‘wheat (grain and plant)’
    • grăunți ‘(generic) grain, cereal’
    • ovăz ‘oat’
    • poamă ‘fruit’
    • pom ‘fruit tree’
    • seceră ‘sickle’
    • in ‘flax; linen; linseed; linen yarn’
    • ara ‘to plough’
    • ţese ‘to weave’
    • teară ‘weave, warp; loom’
    • toarce ‘to spin thread; to twist, to turn’
    • filá ‘to spin thread’
    • seu ‘animal fat, tallow’
    • gras ‘fat, fatty, greasy’
    • unt ‘butter’
    • ceară ‘wax’
    • vin ‘wine’
    • corb ‘raven’
    • aceră ‘eagle (dialectal); hawk’
    • acvilă ‘eagle; seal, standard, coat of arms’
    • vultur ‘vulture; eagle’
    • cerb ‘deer’
    • viperă ‘viper’
    • vierme ‘worm; larva’
    • vânat ‘hunt; quarry; game, venison’
    • bestie ‘wild beast, ferocious beast; ferocious or cruel person’
    • lapte ‘milk’
    • sare ‘salt’
    • miere ‘honey’
    • câine ‘dog’
    • albină ‘bee’
    • lup ‘wolf’
    • porc ‘pig’
    • capră ‘goat’
    • vulpe ‘fox’
    • urs ‘bear’
    • șarpe ‘snake (generic)’
    • iepure ‘rabbit; hare’
    • iepure de vizuină ‘rabbit’
    • iepure de câmp ‘hare (lit. hare of the field)’
    • anghilă ‘eel’
    • oaie ‘ewe’
    • berbec ‘ram’
    • iapă ‘mare, female horse’
    • asin ‘donkey’
    • miel ‘lamb’
    • arete ‘ram’
    • taur ‘bull’
    • lână, lînă ‘wool’
    • bou ‘ox; castrated bull used as a beast of burden’
    • vier ‘wild boar’
    • falcă ‘jawbone’
    • piele ‘skin; hide; leather’
    • păr ‘hair’
    • carne ‘flesh; meat; edible part of a fruit’
    • grăsime ‘fat; grease’
    • untură ‘fat; lard, grease’
  • Romansh
    • verm ‘worm’
    • evla ‘eagle’
    • tschierv ‘deer’
    • enviern ‘winter’
  • Sardinian
    • ierru, iberru ‘winter’
    • campu ‘field for cultivation’
    • roda, orroda ‘wheel’
    • ródulu, rótulu ‘cylindrical object’
    • rodulare, roddulare, lodurare, loddurare ‘to roll’
    • rodetta, rodedda, arrodedda ‘small wheel’
    • giù, giubu, jù ‘yoke’
    • segare, secare, segai ‘to cut’
    • serra ‘saw’
    • saetta ‘umbilical cord’
    • pedde, peddi ‘skin, hide, leather’
    • linna ‘wood’
    • fuste, fusti ‘log, stick’
    • aglientu, arjentu, argentu ‘silver’
    • oro, oru ‘gold’
    • ferru ‘iron’
    • istiu, istade, istadi, stadi ‘summer’
    • chera, cera ‘wax’
    • carre, carri ‘meat’
    • seu ‘animal fat, tallow’
    • tèssere, tessi ‘to weave’
    • filu ‘thread’
    • istòrchere, strocci ‘to twist, to bend’
    • tela ‘cloth, canvass; woven material’
    • laorare, laborare ‘to plough’
    • laore, labore, lori ‘work, labour; fodder, sowing’
    • semenare, seminai ‘to sow (seed)’
    • sèmene, sèmini ‘seed’
    • linu ‘flax; linen’
    • falche, farche, farci, fraci ‘sickle, scythe’
    • ua ‘grape; fruit of the vine’
    • bide, bidi ‘vine’
    • ranu ‘grain, cereal’
    • chervu, cherbu, cerbu ‘deer’
    • àbbile, àghila, àcchibi ‘eagle’
    • colvu, corbu ‘crow’
    • pìbera, pìpera ‘viper’
    • mele, meli ‘honey’
    • latte, latti ‘milk’
    • sale, sali ‘salt’
    • salamidru, salamitru, salnitru ‘saltpetre, nitrate’
    • binu, vinu ‘wine’
    • lana ‘wool’
    • berme, bremi ‘worm’
    • lèppere, lèppore, léppuri ‘hare’
    • ursu ‘bear’
    • gurpe, upre, grupi ‘fox’
    • cabra, craba, crapa ‘female goat’
    • porcu, procu ‘pig’
    • lupu ‘wolf’
    • cane, cani ‘dog’
    • pilu ‘hair’
    • tundu, retundu ‘round’
    • ebba ‘mare, female horse’
    • boe, boi ‘ox’
    • bacca, vacca ‘cow’
    • pegus, pecus ‘beast, (domesticated) animal’
    • àinu, àsinu ‘donkey’
  • Spanish
    • asno ‘donkey’
    • oveja ‘sheep (generic)’
    • jumento ‘donkey, ass (literary)’
    • carnero ‘ram; originally castrated male’
    • aríete ‘battering ram’
    • cordero ‘lamb’
    • vaca ‘cow’
    • verraco ‘boar, male pig’
    • buey ‘ox; fool’
    • yegua ‘mare, female horse’
    • lana ‘wool’
    • naranja ‘orange’
    • gris ‘grey’
    • parir ‘to give birth’
    • toro ‘bull’
    • rojo ‘red’
    • piel ‘skin; fur; pelt; leather’
    • hoz ‘sickle’
    • pelo ‘hair’
    • asta ‘horn; flagpole; shaft; lance, spear’
    • carne ‘flesh; meat; edible part of a fruit’
    • lobo ‘wolf’
    • loba ‘female wolf’
    • abeja ‘bee’
    • can ‘dog’
    • ánade ‘duck’
    • puerco ‘pig; pork meat’
    • cabra ‘goat’
    • cabrón ‘male goat’
    • gallo ‘cock, rooster’
    • gallinaza ‘droppings of domestic fowl’
    • gallina ‘hen; chicken (generic)’
    • vulpeja ‘vixen’
    • oso ‘bear’
    • liebre ‘hare’
    • serpiente ‘snake (generic)’
    • anguila ‘eel’
    • vellón ‘fleece; sheepskin with the wool attached; body hair’
    • pelliza ‘fur’
    • bestia ‘beast; brutal person’
    • venado ‘deer, venison; cuckold’
    • vino ‘wine’
    • sal ‘salt’
    • leche ‘milk’
    • miel ‘honey’
    • víbora ‘viper’
    • verme ‘worm’
    • culebra ‘snake (generic)’
    • corneja ‘crow’
    • cuervo ‘crow (generic); raven’
    • águila ‘eagle’
    • ciervo ‘deer, stag’
    • grano ‘(generic) grain, cereal; seed; kernel’
    • cebada ‘fodder, barley’
    • cebo ‘fodder, food’
    • avena ‘oats’
    • vid ‘vine’
    • baya ‘berry’
    • baga ‘seed-head of the flax plant’
    • lúpulo ‘hops; Humulus lupulus’
    • racimo ‘bunch, cluster, usually of grapes, berries or other small fruit’
    • uva ‘grape; fruit of the vine’
    • poma ‘fruit; apple’
    • manzano ‘apple tree’
    • manzana ‘apple’
    • lino ‘flax; linen’
    • linaza ‘flaxseed, linseed’
    • sembrar ‘to sow (seed)’
    • sazón ‘sowing, seasoning’
    • simiente ‘seed’
    • labrar ‘to plough’
    • laborar ‘to work’
    • arar ‘to plough’
    • tela ‘textile; cloth’
    • torcer ‘to twist, to bend’
    • hilar ‘to spin (thread)’
    • tejer ‘to weave’
    • sebo ‘animal fat, tallow’
    • graso ‘fat’
    • unguento ‘ointment’
    • cera ‘wax’
    • cirio ‘candle’
    • estío ‘summer’
    • verano ‘summer’
    • primavera ‘spring’
    • hierro, fierro ‘iron’
    • otoño ‘autumn’
    • oro ‘gold’
    • argento ‘silver (lit., poetic)’
    • leño ‘log; piece of wood, timber’
    • leña ‘firewood’
    • madera ‘wood’
    • cuero ‘leather; animal skin, hide’
    • lápida ‘tombstone’
    • lápiz ‘pencil’
    • cuchilla ‘blade; coulter; cleaver; mountain range’
    • cuchillo ‘knife’
    • saeta ‘arrow’
    • sierra ‘saw; mountain chain’
    • segar ‘to cut’
    • yugo ‘yoke’
    • vehiculo ‘vehicle; means of transport’
    • segur ‘axe’
    • azuela ‘adze’
    • pala ‘spade, shovel’
    • surco ‘furrow’
    • arado ‘plough’
    • rueda ‘wheel’
    • eje ‘axle’
    • campo ‘field for cultivation’
    • invierno ‘winter’
  • Vulgar Latin
    • *axilis
    • *axalis
    • *rotulāre
    • *slucus
    • *seca ‘saw’
    • dolatōria ‘axe’
    • prima vere
    • primavera, prima vere ‘spring’
    • veranum
    • veranum tempus ‘spring weather’
    • *crassia ‘fatty’
    • *torcere
    • *sarpa
    • *sicilis
    • *racīmus
    • bestia ‘beast, animal’
    • *wipera
    • falcicula ‘sickle, claw; sickle’
    • (ad) + ecce + iste
    • (ad) + ecce + ille
    • cordarīus
    • *carnariu ‘ram, meat of the ram’
    • berbex, berbix ‘sheep’
    • ecce + hic
  • Walloon
    • ciér ‘deer’
    • chèrpint ‘snake’
    • live ‘hare’
    • påle ‘spade’
  • Oscan
    • luisarifs ‘in which the furrows are drawn’
    • aizniō ‘made of bronze’
    • aragetúm* ‘money’
    • carneis, carnom ‘part’
  • Umbrian
    • karu, karne, karnus ‘part’
    • eriess* ‘ram’
    • pequo ‘cattle’
    • bus* ‘bovine animal’
    • abrunu, apruf, abrof, abrons ‘wild boar’
    • avs* ‘bird’
    • curnaco ‘crow’
    • ahesnes ‘made of bronze’
    • vapeře, vapefem, uapefe, uapersus, uapersusto ‘stone seat’
  • Tocharian B
    • tärk- ‘to turn’
  • Stub PIE Swadesh
    • red (color)-2
    • red (color)-3
    • sand-10
    • woman-7
    • maybe onomatopoeic *gul-
    • horn-3
    • green (color)-6
    • hair (of head)-12
    • hair (of head)-14
    • hair (of head)-18
    • man (adult male human)-3
    • liver-1
    • long (adj)-1
    • leaf (botanics)-4
    • fire-9
    • earth (soil, ground)-12
    • burn (intr. v)-3
    • black (color)-5
    • bird-8
    • big-11
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian
    • *laupā̆ća-, *raupāća- ‘fox; (prob. also) jackal’
    • *uršan- ‘male animal’
    • *Hrtća-
    • *laupā̆ća-
    • *raupāća- ‘fox; (prob. also) jackal’
    • *tark- ‘to move to and fro, turn’
    • *Hnadh-
  • Medieval Latin
    • lupŭlus ‘hops; Humulus lupulus’
  • Stub proto-form
    • *ghr̥yo-
    • *ǵhersd-
    • *ghersd-eh₂-
    • *rā̆p(h )-
    • *h₂erk-asnō-
    • *h₂erk-uh₂-
    • *skēp-
    • *wḷpaka-
    • *h₂ed + *h₁reip-h₂- ‘to + steep slope’
  • Stub Culture Indo-European
    • *b^hrHǵ- ‘birch’
  • Proto-Romance
    • *hibernīnum
    • *perarāmentum
  • Old Catalan
    • jument ‘donkey’