• Eurasia
    • Proto-Indo-European
      • *touH-eto- ‘stuffed'’
      • *h1/3e/op-ni- ‘'working'’
      • *ḱ/kon(H)-i-, *ḱ/ken(H)-i-
      • *k(o)rt- ‘a cutting'’
      • *(H)ued-ro-
      • *meh2-(ō̆)s / *mh2-ē̆s, *mh2-es-m, *mh2-s-os?
      • *p(o)l-u-o- ‘gray'’
      • *put-
      • *kh2p-i-
      • *h2mord-(e)ie- ‘'to crush, bite', pf'’
      • *suord-o/i-
      • *h2eh1-t(-)r- ‘fireplace'’
      • *h1rudh-ró- ‘red'’
      • *h1ésh2-r, *h1sh2-én-s ‘blood’
      • *mama
      • *sinu-?
      • *h2eh1s-eh1- ‘to be dry'’
      • *h1eus-e/o- ‘to burn'’
      • *ḱuh1-mo- ‘heap'’
      • *sriHǵ-o/es- ‘frost, bitter cold'’
      • *ken-t- ‘young, new'’
      • *to- + *h2eǵ-e/o- ‘that' + 'to drive, lead'’
      • *mer-
      • *si-sk-u- ‘dry'?’
      • *melh2-/*mlh2- ‘'to crush, grind'’
      • *ph2u-ie/o- ‘'to hit'’
      • *se/ol-o- ‘'place, habitation'’
      • *h₁ed- ‘eat'’
      • *bhu-n-g- (?) ‘to be of use, be used'’
      • *ḱom + *h₁ed- ‘with' + 'eat' (infensified)’
      • *mt-n(é)-h2- ‘'to stir, whirl'’
      • *uel-u- ‘to wind'’
      • *h2eḱs-(i-) + *h3ngw-n̥ ‘axle, arm-pit + fat, greese’
      • *h3engw-e/o- [pr.] 'to anoint', *h3éngw-n [nom.acc.], *h3ngw-én-s [gen.] 'fat, butter' [n.]
      • *kert- ‘to wind'’
      • *ues-
      • *ple/ou/(k)-(s)mo-
      • *h3ngh-u-, *h3ngh-l-h2- ‘nail'’
      • *bhleuH-(e/o-) ‘'to flow (over)'’
      • *gwelh1-ie/o- ‘'to raise the arm, throw'’
      • *(s)neh2-(ie/o-) ‘to swim, float’
      • *kwelh1-e/o- ‘'to go round'’
      • *Hreh1-i- ‘wealth, goods'’
      • *gwrH-to- ‘praised (in a song)'’
      • *sméi-ro- [n.] ‘'laughter'’
      • *duh2-eno-?
      • *kris-ni-
      • *mon-u- ‘hand'’
      • *teḱ- ‘to build'’
      • *h1(e)nter + *leǵ-e/o- ‘between' + 'to collect'’
      • *h2eu-is + *dhh1-ie/o- ‘clearly' + 'to render'’
      • *h1(e)n 'in', *h1entos + *ten-d(h)- ‘(from) inside' + 'to stretch'’
      • *ḱlh1-eh1- ‘to be hot'’
      • *mr-ie/o- ‘'to die'’
      • *touh2-eie-; *te-touh2- (?)
      • *mot-(i-?)  ‘'club, hoe'’
      • *(ḱe-)ḱh2d-? ‘'to fall'’
      • *Hrot-o/h2- [adj.]  ‘'revolving'’
      • *sh1p-i- ‘'to notice'’
      • *skh1-i(e/o)- ‘to incise'’
      • *tong-ei(e?)- ‘'to think, know'’
      • *lep-os- [n.] and/or *le/op-i- ‘'peel, rind'’
      • *dholH-io- ‘'leaf'’
      • *(H)ieh1-, *(H)ih1-k-(i-) ‘to throw, let go’
      • *ḱom + *slok-o- ‘with' + 'to place'?’
      • *sth2-eh1-ie/o- + de + (H)ieh1-, pr. *(H)ih1-k-(i-) ‘to stand' + f'rom, of' + 'to throw, let go'’
      • *h1u(e)h2-sto- (?)
      • *mǵ-no- (?) ‘great'’
      • *pesd- ‘'annoying insect'’
      • *plus- ‘'flea'?’
      • *meh2-(ō̆)s / *mh2-ē̆s, *mh2-es-m, *mh2-
      • *(h1)up-m(H)o- ‘'highest'’
      • *m(o)l-to- ‘'good, big'?’
      • *duh2-eno-(?)
      • *plh1-u ‘much, many'’
      • *k(e)rH-n- ‘'piece'; piece’
      • *louksneh2- ‘'moon'’
      • *pl(e)h2-nó- ‘flattened'’
      • *mon-ti- ‘'protrusion, height'’
      • *gwel- (?)
      • *h3eh1-os, -es- [n.] ‘'mouth'’
      • *kers-weik -s ‘head band'’
      • *nógwh-t-s, *négwht-s ‘night’
      • *suH- ‘pig, swine (orig. sow)’
      • *ne ‘not'’
      • *Hoi-no- ‘one'’
      • *kap-
      • *dhǵh(e)m-ōn ‘earthling, human’
      • *pleu-e/o- ‘'to swim, float'’
      • *(p)saþlo- / *(p)saflo- / *(p)sablo-
      • *h1uogwh-eie- ‘to promise'’
      • *deik-e/o- (pr.) ‘to say'’
      • *uet(h2)- / *uoth2-eie/o- / *ue/ot-eh2- ‘to say'’
      • *h1eǵh, *h1éǵhs + *bher- ‘out + ?’
      • *h1eǵh, *h1éǵhs + *tk-́i-n-(e/o-) ‘out + to build, live’
      • *h3e/okw-(e)lo- ‘eye'’
      • *ǵrh2-no- ‘'which has ripened, fruit, grain'’
      • *pel-ni- ‘skin, hide’
      • *kHu-t-i- ‘skin, hide’
      • *sekh1-ie/o- ‘'to cut off'’
      • *drm-ye- ‘'to sleep'’
      • *peh2u-ro-
      • *moih1-u̯o- ‘small, little'’
      • *steh2-, *stoh₂- ‘to stand’
      • *sth2-eh1-ie/o- + *de/*do + *bhld-néh2- ‘to stand' + 'here' + ?’
      • *uel-u- ‘'to wind'’
      • *skol-
      • *ǵhrs-eh1- ‘to be stiff, surprised'’
      • *ḱe/oh3-t- ‘sharpening'’
      • *h1ei-/*h1i- ‘to go’
      • *h1roug-h2- ‘wrinkle'’
      • *st(e)r-n-h3- ‘to spread, strew'’
      • *uih1-eh2- ‘pursuit'’
      • *Hret-e/o-  ‘'to run, roll'’
      • *uel-u- ‘'to wind'’
      • *ḱrn-o- > *ḱrn-u- (?) ‘horn'’
      • *keh2u-d- ‘cleaved, separate'’
      • *ḱom ‘'with' (+ ins.)’
      • *tam + *so
      • *seh2 + ud
      • *so
      • *h2ol-no- ‘'that, yonder'’
      • *so
      • *g/ǵhe/o- + *ḱi ‘this' + 'here'’
      • *dnǵh-uh₂-
      • *h3d-(o)nt- ‘tooth'’
      • *h3rdh-ōs, -os- ‘'height, uprightness'’
      • *pl(e)h2-nt-h2- ‘'the flat one' or 'the approaching one'’
      • *h2elh2- / *h2lh2- [pr.] ‘'to wander'’
      • *(H)roth₂o-, *(H)roth₂-o- ‘wheel’
      • *mesg-e/o- ‘'to sink, wash'’
      • *ḱlh1-eh1- ‘'to be hot'’
      • *nōs, *ns
      • *h2esp-i- ‘'cutting'?’
      • *h2elbh-o- ‘white'’
      • *knd-ro-, -no- ‘shining'’
      • *ml̥-ies-
      • *dheh1-mh1n-h2- ‘'(the one) nursing, breastfeeding'’
      • *dom-h3en-, ‘who profits of the house'’
      • accu < ad (*h2ed) eccum (*h1e- + *-ḱe) < + iste (*(h1)i- + *h1e-sm-/-si-/-i- + *tod) ‘to' + 'he' + 'proximal deicitc' + '? + 'he, she, it' + 'this, that' (n.)'’
      • *(h1)i- + *h1e-sm-/-si-/-i- + *tod ‘? + 'he, she, it' + 'this, that' (n.)’
      • *(h1)i- + *h1e-sm-/-si-/-i- + *so ‘? + 'he, she, it' + 'this, that' (m.)’
      • *e- + -ḱe ‘? + 'this, here'’
      • *(h1)i- + *h1e-sm-/-si-/-i- + *so ‘? + 'he, she, it' + 'this, that' (m.)’
      • *(h1)i-to-, *(h1)i-so-
      • *h2h3m-ro-?
      • *ǵhelh3-i-uo- ‘yellow, green’
      • *teh₂u-ro- ‘bull’
      • *th₂euro-
      • *sprH-o- ‘spear, beam’
      • *gwet-u- ‘pitch, resin’
      • *h2lowp-ē̆k-, *h2le/oupēḱ- ‘predator’
      • *h₂ulh₁-neh₂- ‘wool’
      • *h1rudh-ró- ‘red’
      • *bhleh3-uo- ‘yellow’
      • *h2eh1-t(-)r- ‘fireplace’
      • *h2elbh-o- ‘white’
      • *koit-/-d- ‘grey, grey-eyed’
      • *grē-wo- ‘grey’
      • *keh2i-lo- ‘whole’
      • *(s)l(e/o)iH-uo- ‘plum-coloured, blueish’
      • *dhus-uo- ‘dark, black, brown’
      • *ḱh₁s-no- ‘grey’
      • *bhe-bhr-ú-, *bhe-bhr-o-, *bhi-bhr-o- ‘brown; brown animal, beaver’
      • *h2erǵ-u- ‘white’
      • *bhe/olH- ‘white’
      • *slH-V- ‘dirty yellow’
      • *dhus-ko- ‘dark-coloured’
      • *pérh₃-i- ‘to provide’
      • *gʷeh₃, *gʷeh₃- ‘cow’
      • *h₂wŕ̥s-en- ‘male’
      • *uers- ‘male animal’
      • *uers-n- ‘male’
      • *ursēn- ‘male animal’
      • *dmh₂o- ‘the tamed one’
      • *demh₂- ‘to tame; to build, construct’
      • *peḱ-u- ‘cattle; livestock’
      • *h₁eḱwo- ‘horse’
      • *h₁eḱ-u- ‘horse’
      • *yugo- ‘yoke’
      • *(H)iunég-, *(H)iung- ‘to yoke’
      • *dheh₁-to- ‘having given birth’
      • *h₃ewi-, *h₂owi- ‘sheep’
      • *ueru-
      • *h₁er- ‘lamb, kid’
      • *h₁r-i-(e)t- ‘certain domestic animal’
      • *uet- ‘year’
      • *h₂egʷno-, *h₂egʷ-no- ‘lamb’
      • *kapr- ‘he-goat’
      • *porḱ-o-, *porḱo- ‘young pig, piglet; digger’
      • *glg-t- ‘milk’
      • *gal- ‘to call (out)’
      • *h₂eu-i- ‘bird’
      • *gal-so-
      • *h₂enh₂-ti- ‘duck’
      • *ḱuōn-, *ḱuon-m, *ḱun-os ‘dog’
      • *ḱu-on-
      • *mel-, *mel
      • *h₂eulo- ‘tube, cavity’
      • *meli- ‘honey’
      • *ulkʷ-o-, *ulkʷo- ‘wolf’
      • *h₂rtḱo- ‘bear’
      • *h₁pr-o-
      • *ḱer(h₂)-uo- ‘having horns’
      • *h₂le/oupēḱ-
      • *(H)ulp-i- ‘marten, cat’
      • *wḷp-i-
      • *ḱh₁-s-, *ḱeh₁-s- ‘grey’
      • *ḱh1s-no- ‘grey’
      • *ḱes-on-
      • *serp-e/o- ‘to creep’
      • *h₂e/ongʷh-
      • *h₂(e)ngʷh-i- ‘snake’
      • *h₂e/ogʷh-
      • *h₂éngʷhis, *h₂éngʷhis- ‘snake’
      • *wr̥mi- ‘snake, worm’
      • *ueip-es-
      • *(s)nh₁-tr-ih₂- ‘who spins round, snake’
      • *(s)nh₂-tr-, *(s)nh₂-tr ‘water snake’
      • *kor- ‘raven’
      • *ḱor-n- ‘crow, raven’
      • *ḱorH-k-
      • *ḱor(h₂)-uo- ‘crow, raven’
      • *h₃er-il-o-
      • *ḱer-n-, *ḱerh₂- ‘horn; head’
      • *ḱorh₂-ueh₂, *ḱorh₂-ueh₂-
      • *(H)uēnh₁-, *(H)unh₁- ‘desire’
      • *peḱ-os, -es- ‘what is being fleeced; (thus) cattle, wool’
      • *(s)keh₁u-t-
      • *kHut-
      • *séh₂-l-, *séh₂l- ‘salt’
      • *uoh₁i-no- ‘wine’
      • *ueh₁-i- ‘turn, twist’
      • *uih₁-on-
      • *ueih₁-n-, *ueih₁-ōn, *uih₁-en-m, *uih₁-on-m ‘vine; wine’
      • *kreuh₂-odh-o- ‘raw’
      • *kreuh₂-i-
      • *kruh₂-ōs ‘blood’
      • *gwíh3-ue/o- ‘to live’
      • *ongʷ- ‘to anoint’
      • *h₃ngʷ-én- ‘fat, butter’
      • *h₃engʷ-e/o- ‘to anoint; to smear, to anoint; to smear, to anoint; to smear, to anoint; to smear, to anoint’
      • *h₃ngʷ-én-s ‘fat, butter’
      • *h₃engʷ- ‘to smear, to anoint’
      • *teḱ-s- ‘to hew, to fabricate; to fashion’
      • *nōdo- ‘knot’
      • *néh₁-e-
      • *(s)neh₁-/*(s)nh₁- ‘to spin’
      • *gʷhiH-(s-)lo- ‘sinew, sinew thread’
      • *torkʷ-eie- ‘to twist’
      • *tark-, *terk-, *tork- ‘to twist’
      • *tarkʷ-
      • *terkʷ-, *trkʷ-
      • *syū- ‘to sew’
      • *siuH-ie/o- ‘to sew’
      • *h₂erh₃-ie-
      • *h₂erh₃-ie/o-, *h₂erh₃-tro-, *h₂erh₃-tr ‘to plough’
      • *h₂erh₃- ‘to plough’
      • *si-sh₁-e/o- ‘to sow’
      • *seg-e/o- ‘to adhere, fasten’
      • *terh₁-, *trh₁-, *treh₁-i- ‘to rub’
      • *bhruHg-ie/o- ‘to use’
      • *ǵrh₂-no- ‘that which has ripened, fruit, grain’
      • *h₂ed-es- ‘grain’
      • *h₂od-/*h₂d-
      • *h₁e/om-o- ‘what is (to be) taken’
      • *h₁eiH-ueh₂-, h₁eh₁i-ueh₂-
      • *uh₁i-ti-
      • *uh₁-i- ‘to weave, wrap’
      • *sekh₁-ie/o- ‘to cut off’
      • *ser(p)- ‘sickle, cut’
      • *ph₂u-ie/o-
      • *ph₂-n-ǵ- ‘to attach’
      • *slk-
      • *solk-o- ‘furrow’
      • *sélk-e
      • *solkeye/o-
      • *h₂erh₃-tro- ‘plough’
      • *h₂(e)rh₃-dhlom, *h₂(e)rh₃-dhlo-m
      • *sers-h₂- ‘cutting off’
      • *h₂esk-ieh₂-
      • *dolh₁-ie/o-, *d(e)lh₁-ie/o- ‘to cut’
      • *ueǵh-tlo-
      • *Hrot-o/h₂- ‘revolving; (whence) wheel’
      • *h₂eḱs-(i-) ‘axle, arm-pit’
      • *h₂eḱs-
      • *sm-h₂eḱs-ih₂-
      • *med-o-, *med-o/es- ‘measure’
      • *pi-n-s- ‘to grind’
      • *kʷelh₁-e/o- ‘to go round’
      • *h₂eh₁s-eh₁- ‘to be dry’
      • *h₂erh₃-uo- ‘ploughable’
      • *lois-h₂- ‘furrow, track’
      • *strig- ‘to brush, strip’
      • *ǵhiém-m ‘winter’
      • *ǵheim-r-ino-
      • *ues-r/n- ‘spring’
      • *h₂eidh-teh₂t-, *h₂eidh-tu- ‘burning, heat’
      • *kerp-e/o- ‘to pick, pluck’
      • *h₂éi-es-
      • *h₂ei-os, *h₂ei-es- ‘bronze; metal > copper > bronze’
      • *h₂rǵ-nt-o- ‘silver’
      • *h₂é-h₂us-o- ‘glow’
      • *leǵ(h)-no-
      • *méh₂-tr- ‘mother’
      • *kr-io-, *k(o)r-io- ‘torn off’
      • *(s)kor-h₂-
      • *(s)kor-
      • *plēn-eh₂, *plēn-eh₂-
      • *pel-en-eh₂-
      • *sḱey- ‘to cut’
      • *(s)kolh₂/3-tro- ‘instrument for cleaving’
      • *skólh₂/₃-, *sklh₂/₃-
      • *ḱēi-, *ḱēi ‘to sharpen’
      • *ḱs-tro- ‘knife’
      • *serp-, *srp- ‘to cut off’
      • *serp-, *srp- ‘to crawl’
    • Proto-Albanian
      • *tsestrā
      • *skalkja
      • *rāguša
      • *ǵhr(i)sD-
      • *wainā-
    • Albanian (Tosk)
      • verë ‘summer’
      • bishë ‘beast, animal’
      • lepur, ljepur ‘hare’
      • lepur i gropave ‘rabbit’
      • qen ‘dog’
      • kapua, kapue, kapósh ‘cock, rooster’
      • drithë ‘cereal, grain; wheat’
      • rapë, rrepë ‘turnip’
      • repë ‘turnip’
      • li ‘flax, linen’
      • linjë ‘linen, linen garment’
      • rrush ‘grape, resin’
      • dredhë ‘strawberry’
      • fil ‘thread’
      • yndyrë ‘grease, fat, oil’
      • shluk ‘blister’
      • helq, heq ‘to draw, to drag, to pull’
      • parmendë, parmenda ‘plough’
      • pallë ‘pole, club, wahing-stick, sword, mallet’
      • sharrë ‘saw’
      • thadër ‘double-sided axe’
      • laps ‘pencil’
      • ark ‘bow; arch’
      • shigjetë, shëgjetë ‘arrow’
      • vërri ‘winter pasture’
    • Hittite
      • iškalla-, iškall- ‘to slit, split, tear’
      • takš- ‘to devise, undertake’
      • tar(k)u- ‘to dance’
      • hāt-, hat- ‘to dry up, become parched’
      • ḫat- ‘dried grain (?)’
      • karaš- ‘wheat, emmer-wheat’
      • u̯ii̯an- ‘wine’
      • karāu̯ar, karaun- ‘horn(s), antlers’
      • ekku- ‘horse’
    • Proto-Armenian
      • *er-oǰ
      • *ghr̥yo-
    • Classical Armenian
      • hat ‘grain’
      • hatanem ‘to cut, to split’
      • haw ‘bird; rooster; hen; fowl’
      • kat'n ‘milk’
      • mełr ‘honey’
      • iž ‘viper, snake’
      • hačar ‘spelt, hulled wheat; rye’
    • Modern Armenian
      • mełr ‘honey’
      • meɫow ‘bee’
      • mełragini ‘mead’
      • kat'n ‘milk’
      • oroǰ ‘lamb’
      • erinǰ ‘heifer, young cow; cow; two-year old female calf; bride; young cow’
      • hačar ‘spelt, hulled wheat’
      • hat ‘grain, seed; piece, cut’
      • gari ‘wheat’
      • arawr ‘plough (tool); plough’
      • awcanem ‘I anoint’
      • c'elaw ‘split, tore’
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic
      • *plēn(i)aʔ
      • *pel-(e)n-
      • *árʔdlo, *árʔtlo
      • *kruHs, *krouio, *krouio-, *kruHs-
      • *arʔ-
      • *awiź-, *awiś-
      • *éiʔwaʔ
      • *taurós
      • *kórʔveʔ
      • *or-il-o-, *er-el-io-
      • *golsos
      • *angis
    • Latvian
      • krauklis ‘raven’
      • tàurs ‘aurochs’
      • suns ‘dog’
      • vērsis ‘ox (originally bull)’
      • iẽva ‘bird-cherry’
      • àuzas ‘oats’
      • art ‘to plough’
      • kâres ‘honeycomb’
      • ẽrcis ‘juniper’
      • šķèps ‘spear, javelin’
      • kapars ‘copper’
    • Lithuanian
      • áuksas ‘gold’
      • plėnė̃, plėvė̃ ‘membrane’
      • skeliù, skìlti, skélti ‘to split, to divide; to cleave, to strike fire’
      • korỹs ‘honeycomb’
      • kraũjas ‘blood’
      • árti ‘to plough’
      • artójas ‘ploughman’
      • avižà ‘oats’
      • rópė ‘turnip’
      • sė́menys ‘linseed, flaxseed’
      • ievà ‘bird-cherry’
      • veršis ‘calf, bull-calf’
      • skiriù ‘to separate, distinguish’
      • taũras ‘aurochs’
      • kranklys ‘raven’
      • kárvė ‘cow’
      • šárka ‘magpie’
      • angìs ‘snake, viper’
      • vilpišỹs ‘wildcat’
      • šuõ ‘dog’
    • Old Prussian
      • sarke ‘magpie’
      • curwis ‘ox’
      • arelie ‘eagle’
      • werstian ‘calf’
      • anctan ‘butter’
      • krawian, krauyo ‘blood’
      • lyso ‘field bed’
      • ausis ‘gold’
    • Proto-Slavic
      • *pelenà, *pelna ‘band, bandage’
      • *plěna ‘membrane’
      • *skorà, *skòra ‘bast, skin’
      • *korà ‘bark’
      • *orkỳta ‘brittle willow’
      • *òrdlo ‘plough’
      • *oràti ‘to plough’
      • *rēpa ‘turnip’
      • *ovь̀sъ ‘oats’
      • *tȗrъ ‘aurochs’
      • *sòrka, *svòrka ‘magpie’
      • *gȏlsъ ‘voice’
      • *golgolъ ‘speech, word’
    • Russian
      • gólos ‘voice’
      • soróka ‘magpie’
      • ovës ‘oats’
      • répa ‘turnip’
      • rakíta ‘brittle willow’
      • plená ‘membrane’
      • pelená ‘shroud, (dial.) nappy’
    • Bulgarian
      • rjápa ‘turnip’
    • Croatian
      • rȅpa ‘turnip; beet; money’
      • òvas ‘oats’
      • kȍra ‘bark, crust’
      • ràkita ‘brittle willow’
      • sjekira ‘axe’
      • ȃkvila ‘eagle’
      • jègulja ‘eel’
      • tûr ‘aurochs’
    • Serbian
      • tûr ‘aurochs’
      • jègulja ‘eel’
      • ȃkvila ‘eagle’
      • sjekira ‘axe’
      • ràkita ‘brittle willow, osier’
      • kȍra ‘bark, crust’
      • òvas ‘oats’
      • rȅpa ‘turnip; beet; money’
    • Slovene
      • repa ‘turnip’
      • sekira ‘axe’
      • jègulja ‘eel’
    • Czech
      • rádlo ‘plough’
      • skůra, skura, skora ‘(tanned) skin’
      • kůra ‘bark, crust’
      • rokyta ‘brittle willow’
      • řepa, řípa ‘beet’
      • orati ‘to plough’
    • Old Church Slavonic
      • orati ‘to plough’
      • rěpa ‘turnip’
      • sěmę ‘seed’
      • štapъ ‘stick’
      • kora ‘bark, crust’
      • pelena ‘band for swathing children’
      • ralo ‘plough’
      • sěkyra ‘axe’
      • lěxa ‘field bed, furrow, row’
      • glasъ ‘voice’
      • glagolati ‘to speak’
      • glagolъ ‘word, speech, event’
      • svraka ‘magpie’
      • turъ ‘bull’
    • Polish
      • siekiera ‘axe’
      • rzepa ‘turnip’
    • Proto-Celtic
      • *serrā ‘sickle’
      • *seg-(y)e/o-
      • *aksilā
      • *rete/o-
      • *skēno- ‘knife’
      • *damo-, *damato- ‘bull’
      • *ekʷo- ‘horse’
      • *erbā-
      • *ka/e/orī
      • *kapero-
      • *natrik- ‘serpent’
      • *galwo-
      • *gabro- ‘he-goat’
      • *angʷhō-
      • *gladio-, *kladio- ‘sword’
      • *kladimo-, *kladiwo- ‘sword’
    • Breton
      • kleze ‘sword’
      • kontell ‘knife’
      • saezh ‘arrow’
      • aour ‘gold’
      • ahel ‘axle; axis’
      • pal ‘spade, shovel’
      • lin ‘flax; linen’
      • rezinenn ‘grape (singulative)’
      • rezin ‘bunch of grapes (coll.)’
      • gwin ‘wine’
    • Cornish
      • lin ‘linen’
      • eghel ‘axle, axis’
      • owr ‘gold’
      • seth ‘arrow’
      • sarf ‘serpent (literary)’
      • nader ‘snake’
      • kledha ‘sword’
    • Middle Breton
      • clezeff ‘sword’
      • houat ‘duck’
      • saez ‘arrow’
      • contell ‘knife’
      • our ‘gold’
      • ahel ‘axle; axis’
      • lin ‘flax; linen’
      • guin ‘wine’
    • Middle Welsh
      • hëu ‘to sow, throw on, strew’
      • hwyat ‘duck’
      • neidr ‘snake’
    • Old Breton
      • redec ‘to run, flow’
    • Old Cornish
      • resek ‘to run, flow’
      • lien ‘linen’
      • nader ‘snake (generic)’
      • clethe ‘sword’
    • Old Welsh
      • redec ‘to run, flow’
    • Welsh
      • echel ‘axle; axis’
      • pâl ‘spade’
      • awr ‘gold’
      • cyllell ‘knife’
      • saeth ‘arrow’
      • lliain ‘flax; linen; canvass, cloth’
      • gwinronyn ‘grape’
      • gwin ‘wine’
      • aredig, arddu ‘to plough’
      • neidr ‘snake’
      • hwyad ‘duck’
      • gauar, gafr ‘goat, she-goat’
      • galw ‘to call’
      • sarff ‘serpent (literary)’
      • ceri ‘stone of a fruit’
      • caer-iwrch ‘roebuck’
      • cleddaum, cleddyf ‘sword’
    • Gaulish
      • epo, epos ‘horse’
      • *bāgos ‘beech’
      • ivo- ‘bird-cherry’
    • Irish
      • líon, lín ‘flax; linen’
      • searr ‘sickle’
      • fíon ‘wine’
      • claíomh ‘sword’
      • saighead ‘arrow’
      • gad ‘withe’
      • gad sailí ‘osier withe’
      • eascann nimhe ‘poisonous snake’
      • eascann ‘eel; reptile, snake’
    • Old Irish
      • escung ‘eel’
      • *ong, *ung ‘snake’
      • gabor ‘goat’
      • cáera ‘sheep’
      • erp, eirp, erb ‘she-goat; doe; roe-deer’
      • gas ‘twig, branch’
      • gat ‘osier, withe; tie made of osier’
      • saiget ‘arrow’
      • claideb ‘sword’
      • scían ‘knife’
      • airgeint ‘piece of silver money’
      • fín ‘wine’
      • serr ‘sickle’
      • lín ‘flax, linen; thread, fishing net’
      • lem ‘elm’
    • Scottish Gaelic
      • claidheamh ‘sword’
      • lìon ‘flax, linen; fishing net’
      • searr ‘sickle, reaping-hook; scythe; saw; generic cutting implement’
      • fìon ‘wine’
      • saighead ‘arrow’
      • gad ‘withe, twig, switch’
      • easgann ‘eel’
    • Proto-Germanic
      • *hesan-, *hazan- ‘hare’
      • *miliska-
      • *mili-dawwō-
      • *asilu- ‘donkey’
      • *gazda-
      • *gazdjō
      • *arhwō- ‘arrow’
      • *arχwō-az-
      • *sulha- ‘plow’
      • *arþra- ‘scratch plough’
      • *arjan-tro-
      • *wīnan ‘wine’
      • *arjan- ‘to plough’
      • *nēan- ‘to sew’
      • *līno- ‘flax’
      • *rōbjōn- ‘turnip’
      • *ates(s)ka-
      • *brūkjanaN ‘to use, to practice’
      • *gerstō- ‘barley’
    • Gothic
      • brukjan ‘to use’
      • brūks ‘useful’
      • atisk ‘cornfield, grain field’
      • lein ‘linen; canvas’
      • arjan ‘to plough’
      • wein ‘wine’
      • arƕazna ‘arrow’
      • gazds ‘sting’
    • Danish
      • gad ‘fish-hook’
      • vin ‘wine’
      • æsel ‘donkey’
      • asen ‘donkey (obsolete in this sense); lucky person, enviable person’
      • pels ‘fur; pelt’
      • bæst ‘animal, beast’
    • Elfdalian
      • win ‘wine’
    • Faroese
      • vín ‘wine’
      • asni ‘donkey’
      • asin ‘donkey’
    • Icelandic
      • asni ‘(male) donkey’
      • asna ‘female donkey’
      • vín ‘wine’
      • páll ‘spade’
    • Norwegian (Bokmål)
      • vin ‘wine’
      • beist ‘beast; dangerous wild animal’
      • pels ‘fur; fur garment’
    • Norwegian (Nynorsk)
      • pels ‘fur; fur garment’
      • beist ‘large wild animal; domestic animal, esp. of cattle’
      • vin ‘wine’
    • Old Norse
      • vín ‘wine’
      • páll ‘spade’
      • arðr ‘plough’
      • gaddr ‘spike, barb, point; goad’
      • ǫr ‘arrow’
      • kalla ‘to call’
      • asni, asna ‘(male) donkey’
      • asna ‘female donkey’
    • Old Swedish
      • āsne ‘donkey’
      • āsna ‘female donkey’
      • gadder ‘spike, barb, point’
      • vin ‘wine’
    • Swedish
      • vin ‘wine’
      • gadd ‘(insectʼs) sting; snakeʼs forked tongue; fang, tooth’
      • åsna ‘donkey’
      • best ‘beast; monster’
      • päls ‘fur; pelt’
    • Dutch
      • beest ‘beast, animal’
      • wijn ‘wine’
      • lijn ‘flax’
      • graan ‘grain, cereal’
      • reuf ‘turnip (dial.)’
      • knolraap ‘turnip’
    • English
      • pome ‘pome fruit’
      • line ‘flax; linseed (dial.)’
      • raisin ‘raisin, dried grape’
      • wine ‘wine’
      • tissue ‘tissue’
      • argent ‘silver, white’
      • sullow ‘plough’
      • sull ‘plough’
      • vehicle ‘vehicle’
      • beast ‘animal’
      • venison ‘deer meat/flesh; game meat’
      • pilch ‘pilch’
      • fawn ‘fawn, young deer’
      • eagle ‘eagle’
      • cobra ‘cobra’
      • viper ‘viper’
      • wyvern ‘mythical serpent, dragon’
      • serpent ‘serpent, snake’
    • German
      • Viper ‘viper’
      • Bestie ‘wild animal, predator’
      • Pelz ‘fur; fur clothing’
      • Wein ‘wine’
    • Middle Dutch
      • wîn, wijn ‘wine’
      • līn ‘flax’
      • rāpe, raep ‘turnip’
      • rove ‘turnip’
      • graen ‘particle, seed, kernel; (generic) grain, cereal’
      • beeste, beste ‘beast, animal’
    • Middle English
      • best, beest, beeste ‘animal’
      • venaison ‘game (meat), specifically the meat of larger animals’
      • foun, faon, faune, fawn ‘young animal; young fallow deer’
      • meldew, mildew ‘honey-dew, mildew’
      • egle ‘(golden) eagle’
      • viper, vyper, vypar, veper ‘poisonous snake; viper’
      • wyver, wyvern ‘poisonous snake, viper’
      • corbie ‘raven; carrion crow’
      • serpent, sarpent ‘snake, reptile; creeping thing’
      • pome ‘apple; pome’
      • lin ‘flax’
      • reisyn, resin, racin, raising ‘grape; bunch of grapes; dried grape’
      • wīn ‘wine’
      • tyssu ‘a rich kind of cloth; any woven fabric’
      • gresse ‘animal fat’
      • suluh, solow ‘plough’
      • argent ‘silver, white’
      • aewe, arewe, arowe ‘arrow’
      • arc ‘part of a circle or curve; arch’
    • Middle High German
      • dehsen ‘to break flax’
      • wīn ‘wine’
      • hase ‘hare’
      • viper, vipere, vipper ‘viper, snake’
      • bestia ‘beast, animal’
      • belz, pelz, belliz ‘fur clothing’
    • Middle Low German
      • pels, peltz ‘animal skin’
      • bêst ‘beast’
      • viper, vipere, vipper ‘viper, snake’
      • esel ‘donkey’
      • wīn ‘wine’
      • lîn ‘flax, linen’
      • gren, grein ‘corn (generic grain); seed; particle’
    • Old English
      • brūcan ‘to use’
      • brȳce ‘useful’
      • līn ‘flax’
      • wīn ‘wine’
      • earh ‘arrow’
      • culter ‘knife; cutting part of a plough’
      • sulh ‘plough’
      • pilece, pylece ‘outer garment made of animal skin with the fur used as a lining’
      • mildēaw, meledêaw ‘honey-dew, nectar’
      • milisc ‘sweet’
      • hara ‘hare’
    • Old Frisian
      • wîn ‘wine’
      • linnen ‘linen’
    • Old High German
      • brūhhi ‘useful’
      • brūhhan ‘to use’
      • gersta ‘barley’
      • evina ‘oats’
      • ruoba, ruoppa ‘turnip’
      • wīn, win ‘wine’
      • ancho ‘butter’
      • nājan, nāen ‘to sew’
      • gart ‘goad’
      • gerta ‘tail; twig; rod’
      • haso ‘hare’
      • ūwila, ūla ‘owl’
      • pelliʒ, belliʒ
      • pelliz ‘fur’
      • heitar ‘bright, clear’
    • Old Saxon
      • gerdia ‘tail; twig; rod’
      • wîn, win ‘wine’
      • gersta ‘barley’
      • brūkan ‘to use’
      • līn ‘flax’
    • Classical Greek
      • karpós ‘fruit, fruits of the earth, corn, yields’
      • trī́bō ‘to rub, grind; wear down, exhaust, consume, wear off’
      • kritʰḗ ‘grain of barley; barley’
      • kērós ‘wax’
      • kērión ‘wax-cake, honeycomb’
      • aróō ‘plough; plant’
      • keázō ‘to split’
      • árkeuthos ‘juniper’
      • skállō ‘to stir up, hoe’
      • kýprios ‘of/from Cyprus’
      • Kýpros ‘Cyprus’
      • pḗgnymi ‘to attach, to join’
      • hélkō ‘draw, drag’
      • holkós ‘attractive, trailing; hauling-engine for ships; furrow’
      • áxōn ‘axle; axis’
      • hámaxa ‘framework, chassis of a four-wheeled wagon; wagon; four-wheeled cart’
      • kámptō ‘to bend, curve’
      • kampḗ ‘bow, curvature’
      • ársēn, árrēn, érsēn, ársēs ‘male’
      • híppos ‘horse; mare’
      • ónos ‘donkey; ass; female ass’
      • arneiós ‘three-year-old ram; ram’
      • enkytí ‘onto the skin’
      • skŷtos ‘prepared skin, leather, leather thong; hide’
      • ptílon ‘fluff, down’
      • korṓnē ‘crow; shearwater’
      • hyláō ‘to bark’
      • býās ‘eagle-owl’
      • árktos, árkos ‘bear; Ursa maior’
      • lebērís ‘rabbit’
    • Modern Greek
      • róda ‘wheel’
      • tsekoúri ‘axe’
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan
      • ---
    • Sanskrit
      • lopāśá- ‘fox; jackal’
      • sá-/tá- ‘this’
      • ayám, iyám ‘this’
      • ká- ‘who?’
      • ahám ‘I (1Sg)’
      • śván-, śuna- ‘dog’
      • r̥ṣabhá- ‘bull’
      • vŕ̥ṣan- ‘man; bull; stallion; powerful’
      • vr̥ṣabhá- ‘manly, powerful; bull, boar, husband, ruler’
      • páśu-, paśú- ‘domestic or sacrificial animal; goat’
      • sarpá- ‘snake, viper’
      • sárpati ‘to creep, crawl’
      • úlūka- ‘owl’
      • vŕ̥ka- ‘wolf’
      • śaśá- ‘hare’
      • lopāka- ‘jackal; fox’
      • vayas- ‘bird’
      • śunī́- ‘bitch’
      • pajrá- ‘solid, firm’
      • pā́jas- ‘surface, face’
      • urvárā- ‘arable land, field yielding crop’
      • áyas- ‘metal, copper; iron’
      • cárman- ‘leather; animal skin, hide’
      • syūtá- ‘sewn up’
      • syū́man- ‘band, thong, bridle’
      • sū́tra- ‘wire, line, cord’
      • sī́vya- ‘to sew’
      • náhyanti ‘to bind together’
      • takṣ- ‘to hammer, form, fashion’
      • tarku- ‘spindle’
      • añj- ‘to anoint, to smear’
      • áñjas- ‘anointment’
      • jṛ- ‘to age, to grow old, to wear out’
      • jīrṇa- ‘old, worn out’
      • járant- ‘old’
    • Hindi
      • pasū ‘animal (such as goat or sheep)’
      • pas ‘buffalo-heifer’
    • Avestan
      • pasav-, pasu- ‘cattle; domestic animal, sheep’
      • aršan- ‘man, male’
      • varəšna- ‘manly’
      • varšnay- ‘ram’
      • gav- ‘cow; bull; cattle’
      • span- ‘dog’
      • azam ‘I (1Sg)’
      • ha-, ta- ‘this’
      • dva-, dvā- ‘two’
      • ka- ‘who?’
      • raopay- ‘a Canis species, fox or jackal’
      • spaka- ‘dog-like’
      • hū- ‘pig; sow’
      • urupi- ‘a Canis species; fox; dog; marten’
      • vəhrka-, vəhrkā- ‘wolf’
      • arša- ‘bear’
      • sruuā- ‘horn, nail’
      • viiāxti- ‘adornment, make-up’
      • tāšt ‘to fashion’
      • naska- ‘collection of texts’
      • naδa- ‘headgear’
      • čerəman- ‘leather; animal skin, hide’
      • aiiah-, ayah- ‘metal; copper; iron’
      • raϑa- ‘chariot’
    • Ossetian (Iron)
      • ruvas ‘fox’
    • Middle Persian
      • rōbāh ‘fox’
      • būf ‘owl’
      • vurk, gurg ‘wolf’
      • gurbag ‘cat’
    • Persian
      • robāh, rubāh, rubah ‘fox’
      • gurba, gorbe ‘cat’
      • gurg, gorg ‘wolf’
      • xirs, xers ‘bear’
      • xūk, xok ‘pig’
      • ki? ‘who?’
      • bum, buf ‘owl’
    • Proto-Italic
      • *spīr/s-
      • bukkā-?
      • χastā-
      • kū̆p
      • *osVno- ‘ash’
      • *tauro- ‘bull’
      • *frakse/ino-
      • fāgo- ‘beech’
      • *wlānā- ‘wool’
      • rāpo-
      • petsni- 'tail'
      • la/eped-
      • *saks-o-
      • traχe/o-
      • *per(e)i-, par-(e)i- ‘to bear; find, experience’
      • *gʷous
      • wors-en-
      • *kailo- ‘sky’
      • *(s)le/oiwo-, (s)līwo-
      • ātro- ‘black’
      • *alfo-  ‘white’
      • *flāwo- ‘yellow’
      • *ruþro-  ‘red’
      • *rutsto- ‘red’
      • *w(e)is-? ‘to be green’
      • fe/olawo-?
      • *fusko-
      • *sal-īwo-, *sal-es-ro- ‘dirty yellow’
      • *argu- ‘bright’
      • kasno- ‘grey’
      • *fifro- / fefro- ‘beaver’
      • *fuswo-
      • *agʷno- ‘lamb’
      • *wet-elo- ‘yearling, calf’
      • *pekuā
      • ariēt-s, eriēt-s
      • *kerō(n), kar-(V)n- ‘piece of meat’
      • *werw-ē-
      • *peku-, *pekos-
      • *jung-e/o-, -jug-, jug-o-, joug-es-, joug-s-mn-to-
      • *fēto-
      • *owi-
      • *ekʷo- ‘horse’
      • *pork-o-
      • *sūs
      • *lagt-, *glagt-
      • *kapro-, *kap-ro- ‘he-goat’
      • *awi- ‘bird’
      • *put-lo- ‘little boy, young of an animal’
      • *kō, *kʷanem, *kunos
      • *anati-
      • *api-?
      • *aulos
      • *meli
      • *lukʷo-, *lupo-
      • *orsso-?
      • *apro-, *aprōn-
      • *kerwo-, *kerawo- ‘horned animal, stag’
      • *kasno- ‘grey’
      • *wolp-i- ‘fox’
      • *serpe/o-
      • *angʷ-i- ‘snake’
      • *korwo-
      • *kornīk-, *kornāk- ‘crow’
      • *kornāko- ‘crow’
      • *kolos-ro-?
      • *weip-es-ā-?
      • wormi- ‘snake, worm’
      • *natriks, *snatriks
      • *pelni-
      • *wīno-
      • *sāls, *salos ‘salt’
      • *wēnā-je/o- ‘to hunt’
      • *wēn-o/ā- ‘hunting’
      • aksi- ‘axle’
      • akselā- ‘arm-pit, wing’
      • *rot-ā- ‘wheel’
      • *loisā-
      • *χiem- ‘winter’
      • χeim-r-ino- ‘wintry’
      • kʷele/o-, kʷolō-no-?
      • *ās-ē- ‘to be dry’
      • *ara/owo-
      • *seg-e/o- ‘to adhere, fasten’
      • *kampo- ‘field’
      • *medo-, medos- ‘measure, judgement’
      • *pins- ‘to grind’
      • *solko-
      • *serp-(j)e/o-?, sarp-to-
      • *pang-, pagto-, *pagto- ‘to attach’
      • *dolaje-
      • *wekti-
      • *sekaje/o-
      • *sersā- ‘saw’
      • *ajos, *ajes- ‘bronze’
      • *wes-or, *wes-n-
      • aissāt-, aissu-
      • *karp-
      • *argento-
      • *auso-
      • *legno-
      • *fūsti-, *feusti-, *fousti-
      • *mātēr, *mātr-
      • *korjo-
      • *laped-, *leped-
      • *k(e/o)l-tro- ‘knife’
      • *kastro-
      • *arkuo-, *arkʷo- ‘bow’
      • *sparo- ‘spear’
      • *χastā-
      • *(s)nē(je)-
      • *torkʷ-eie- ‘to twist’
      • *fīlo-, *fislo-
      • *s(j)ūje/o-, *s(j)ūto-
      • *araje/o-
      • si-se/o- ‘to sow’
      • *gwīwe/o- ‘to live’
      • *ongʷ-en- ‘ointment’
      • *ongʷ-e- ‘to anoint’
      • *tekse/o-
      • *kruwōs ‘blood’
      • *krowoþo-
      • *kerō, *kerōn ‘piece of meat’
      • *grāno-
      • *gwītā- ‘life’
      • *rāpo-
      • *χor(s)d-ejo- ‘barley’
      • *aweksnā-
      • *tera-, trei-, terasro- ‘drill’
      • *seg-et- ‘seed; sown land’
      • *frūg-
      • *līno- ‘flax’
      • *frāgo-
      • *oiwā-
      • *po-e/omo- ‘taken off, picked’
      • *wīti-
    • Catalan
      • poma ‘apple’
      • pom ‘fruit’
      • raïm ‘grape (generic)’
      • bagó ‘a single grape’
      • llupol ‘hops; Humulus lupulus’
      • lli ‘flax; linen’
      • civada ‘oats’
      • ordi ‘barley’
      • avena ‘oats’
      • gra ‘grain, cereal’
      • cera ‘wax’
      • ciri ‘candle’
      • vi ‘wine’
      • sèu ‘animal fat, tallow’
      • gras ‘fat’
      • untar ‘to anoint, to smear’
      • sembrar ‘to sow seed’
      • sement ‘seed’
      • llaurar ‘to plough’
      • laborar ‘to work’
      • fil ‘thread’
      • torcer ‘to twist, to bend’
      • tela ‘textile, cloth, woven material’
      • teixir ‘to weave’
      • arc ‘bow, arc, arch’
      • sageta ‘arrow’
      • cotell, coltell ‘knife; coulter’
      • llapis ‘pencil’
      • cuir ‘leather’
      • fusta ‘wood; wooden structure (of a house, a boat, etc)’
      • fust ‘wood (material)’
      • llenya ‘firewood’
      • lleny ‘ship’
      • or ‘gold’
      • ferro, ferre ‘iron’
      • estiu ‘summer’
      • primavera ‘spring’
      • autumne ‘autumn (poetic)’
      • aram ‘copper, bronze’
      • serra ‘saw’
      • jou ‘yoke’
      • pala ‘spade, shovel’
      • arada ‘plough’
      • camp ‘field for cultivation’
      • hivern ‘winter’
      • solc ‘furrow’
      • roda ‘wheel’
      • eix ‘axis, axle’
      • bèstia ‘animal; beast of burden’
      • llet ‘milk’
      • sal ‘salt’
      • pellissa ‘fur’
      • pèl ‘hair; fur’
      • mel ‘honey’
      • vibra ‘viper’
      • verm ‘worm’
      • cornella ‘crow’
      • corb ‘raven’
      • cérvol ‘deer’
      • àguila ‘eagle’
      • anguila ‘eel’
      • serp, serpent ‘snake’
      • llebre ‘hare’
      • llop ‘wolf’
      • lloba ‘female wolf’
      • abella ‘bee’
      • ànec ‘duck’
      • gat, gata ‘cat’
      • ca ‘dog’
      • gall ‘cock, rooster’
      • vedell ‘calf’
      • cabra ‘goat’
      • porc ‘pig; pork meat’
      • egua, euga ‘mare, female horse’
      • ovella ‘sheep’
      • ase ‘donkey’
      • anyell ‘lamb’
      • corder ‘lamb’
      • toro ‘bull’
      • llana ‘wool’
      • bou ‘ox’
      • parir ‘to give birth’
      • pell ‘skin; leather; hide, pelt’
      • falç, fals ‘sickle’
      • carn ‘meat, flesh’
      • os ‘bear’
      • greix ‘fat; grease’
    • French
      • chien ‘dog’
      • graisse ‘fat; grease, fat’
      • viande ‘meat’
      • faux ‘scythe’
      • faucille ‘sickle’
      • graine ‘seed; grain, seed, particle’
      • peau ‘skin; skin, leather; garment made of certain animal skins; skin (human or animal);’
      • bœuf ‘ox; bovine; beef’
      • vache ‘cow’
      • verrat ‘boar, male pig’
      • laine ‘wool’
      • taureau ‘bull’
      • or ‘gold’
      • agneau ‘lamb’
      • veau ‘calf, meat of calf’
      • jument ‘mare, female horse’
      • brebis ‘ewe; female adult sheep’
      • âne ‘donkey’
      • porc ‘pig’
      • chevreau ‘kid; young of the goat’
      • chèvre ‘goat (generic); female goat’
      • chienne ‘bitch’
      • canard ‘duck (generic); drake, male duck’
      • cane ‘female duck’
      • abeille ‘bee’
      • louve ‘female wolf’
      • loup ‘wolf’
      • lièvre ‘hare’
      • serpent ‘snake (generic)’
      • anguille ‘eel’
      • cerf ‘deer, stag’
      • grand corbeau ‘raven’
      • corbeau ‘crow (generic)’
      • aigle ‘eagle’
      • corneille ‘crow’
      • couleuvre ‘grass snake’
      • ver ‘worm’
      • vipère ‘viper’
      • guivre ‘wyvern (mythical serpent)’
      • miel ‘honey’
      • lait ‘milk’
      • poil ‘animal fur; human body hair; an individual hair’
      • vin ‘wine’
      • sel ‘salt’
      • biche ‘doe, female deer’
      • bête ‘animal’
      • venaison ‘game (meat), specifically the meat of larger animals’
      • vénerie ‘the art of hunting’
      • vener ‘to hunt’
      • faon ‘young of the deer’
      • pelisse ‘fur cloak’
      • essieu ‘axle’
      • roue ‘wheel’
      • rouelle ‘small wheel’
      • rôle ‘cylindrical object’
      • rouler ‘to roll’
      • hiver ‘winter’
      • champ ‘field for cultivation’
      • moyeu ‘hub’
      • culture ‘the work of cultivating the soil; the techniques and methods; (metonymy, generally in plural) cultivated piece of ground’
      • pelle ‘shovel’
      • pale ‘blade of an oar’
      • véhicule ‘vehicle; means of transport’
      • doloir ‘leather-workerʼs knife, used for scraping skins’
      • doloire ‘axe used by carpenters and barrel-makers; masonʼs shovel, used for mixing mortar; medieval battle-axe’
      • aissette ‘barrel-makerʼs curved hatchet; rooferʼs hammer’
      • aisseau, aisceau ‘hatchet, barrel-makerʼs curved hatchet’
      • scie ‘saw’
      • scier ‘to cut’
      • fer ‘iron’
      • airain ‘bronze’
      • automne ‘autumn’
      • été ‘summer’
      • argent ‘silver; money’
      • fût ‘tree trunk; barrel’
      • cuir ‘leather’
      • couteau de charrue ‘coulter’
      • couteau ‘knife; short sword’
      • coutre ‘coulter (plough blade); hatchet’
      • arc ‘bow, arc, arch’
      • toile ‘textile, cloth; spider's web; canvass, painting, sail, etc.’
      • tordre ‘to twist, to bend’
      • fil ‘thread’
      • filer ‘to spin (thread)’
      • labourer ‘to plough, to cultivate; to plough’
      • semer ‘to sow (seed)’
      • saison ‘season’
      • onguent ‘ointment; greasy or fatty substance for application to the skin’
      • oindre ‘to anoint’
      • gras ‘fat, fatty, greasy’
      • suif ‘animal fat, tallow; vegetal fat’
      • tisser ‘to weave’
      • cire ‘wax’
      • cierge ‘candle’
      • chair ‘flesh’
      • cru ‘raw’
      • grain ‘(generic) grain, cereal; small seed; small fruit, such as grapes or peppercorns; particle’
      • pomme ‘apple’
      • avoine ‘oats’
      • froment ‘cereal, grain; (specialised) wheat’
      • lin ‘flax; linen; linseed’
      • toile de lin ‘linen’
      • linge ‘piece of linen cloth, particularly as used in the home; table cloth, towel, sheet, etc’
      • serpette ‘smaller serpe, used for pruning vines and harvesting grapes’
      • serpe ‘thick-bladed sickle’
      • raisin ‘grape; fruit of the vine’
      • baie ‘berry’
      • glaive ‘sword’
      • gras ‘fat’
    • Friulian
      • fals ‘scythe, sickle’
      • lin ‘flax, linen’
      • semenâ ‘to sow (seed)’
      • vene ‘oats’
      • gran ‘grain, cereal’
      • cere ‘wax’
      • vin ‘wine’
      • sef ‘animal fat, tallow’
      • tesi ‘to weave’
      • tele ‘cloth, woven material’
      • sêe ‘to cut’
      • seâ ‘saw’
      • čhamp ‘field for cultivation’
      • unviêr ‘winter’
      • aruede ‘wheel’
      • turont ‘round’
      • rodele ‘small wheel’
      • lane ‘wool’
      • cierv ‘deer, buck’
      • salnitrio, salnitri ‘saltpetre, nitrate’
      • pêl ‘hair’
      • mîl ‘honey’
      • lipare, vipare ‘viper’
      • viêr ‘worm’
      • acuile ‘eagle’
      • jeur ‘hare’
      • lôv ‘wolf’
      • ors ‘bear’
      • galine, gjaline ‘hen’
      • gal, gjal ‘rooster’
      • añel, agnel ‘lamb’
      • bo ‘cow, ox’
      • gras ‘fat (organic substance); fat’
    • Italian
      • cane ‘dog’
      • grasso ‘fat (organic substance); fat’
      • carne ‘meat, flesh’
      • tondo ‘round; tondo’
      • pelle ‘skin (person's); skin, hide, leather’
      • sasso ‘stone’
      • falce ‘scythe, sickle’
      • lana ‘wool’
      • vacca ‘cow’
      • verro ‘boar, male pig’
      • bue, bove ‘ox’
      • toro ‘bull’
      • capra ‘goat’
      • vitello ‘calf’
      • agnello ‘lamb’
      • pecora ‘sheep’
      • ariete ‘horned ram’
      • giumento ‘beast of burden’
      • asino ‘donkey’
      • berbice ‘sheep’
      • gallo ‘cock, rooster’
      • caprone ‘male goat’
      • porco ‘pig’
      • lupo ‘wolf’
      • pecchia ‘bee’
      • ape ‘bee’
      • anatra, anitra ‘duck’
      • orso ‘bear’
      • volpe ‘fox (generic); vixen; crafty person’
      • lepre ‘hare’
      • serpente ‘snake’
      • anguilla ‘eel’
      • verme ‘worm’
      • angue ‘snake’
      • cervo ‘deer, stag’
      • aquila ‘eagle’
      • corvo imperiale ‘raven’
      • corvo ‘raven; rook, crow (generic)’
      • natrice ‘viperine (water snake)’
      • vipera ‘viper’
      • cornacchia ‘crow’
      • latte ‘milk’
      • miele ‘honey’
      • pelo ‘hair (on the body)’
      • vino ‘wine’
      • sale ‘salt’
      • bestia ‘beast, animal’
      • biscia ‘(non-poisonous) snake’
      • vello ‘fleece’
      • pelliccia ‘fur (esp. as product)’
      • asse ‘axis; pole; board’
      • sala ‘room; hall; axle’
      • mozzo ‘hub, nave of a wheel’
      • moggio ‘hole in which the mast of a ship stands; unit of measurement; the corresponding receptacle’
      • rotella ‘small wheel, cog’
      • rotolare ‘to roll’
      • ruolo ‘role’
      • rullare ‘to roll’
      • rotolo ‘cylindrical object’
      • rotare ‘to rotate’
      • ruota ‘wheel’
      • inverno ‘winter’
      • solco ‘furrow’
      • campo ‘field for cultivation’
      • serra ‘mountain chain’
      • segare ‘to cut with a saw’
      • ascia ‘adze’
      • scure ‘axe’
      • veicolo ‘vehicle; means of transport’
      • giogo ‘yoke’
      • pala ‘shovel’
      • solcare ‘to plough’
      • sega ‘saw’
      • aratro ‘plough’
      • asta ‘pole; lance, spear’
      • saetta ‘thunderbolt; arrow ’
      • coltello ‘knife’
      • coltro ‘coulter’
      • sassolino ‘pebble’
      • cuoio ‘leather’
      • lapide ‘tombstone’
      • fusto ‘stick, staff, pole’
      • argento ‘silver’
      • oro ‘gold’
      • estate ‘summer’
      • primavera ‘spring’
      • autunno ‘autumn’
      • rame ‘copper’
      • ferro ‘iron’
      • tela ‘cloth, canvass; woven material of cotton or linen’
      • filare ‘to spin (thread)’
      • filo ‘thread’
      • torcere ‘to twist, to bend’
      • seme ‘seed’
      • semente, sementa ‘seed’
      • seminare ‘to sow (seed)’
      • lavorare ‘to work, to cut, to carve, to knead, to cultivate’
      • arare ‘to plough’
      • tessere ‘to weave’
      • sevo, sego ‘tallow, animal fat; grease, fatty matter of animal or vegetal origin’
      • grascia ‘abundance, profit; animal grease’
      • unguento ‘ointment’
      • cera ‘wax’
      • cero ‘candle’
      • grano ‘wheat; (generic) grain, cereal’
      • grana ‘grain’
      • rapa ‘turnip, Brassica rapa’
      • frumento ‘cereal, grain; wheat’
      • avena ‘oats’
      • civaia ‘dry foodstuff’
      • cibo ‘food’
      • orzo ‘barley’
      • lino ‘flax; linen’
      • racimolo, gracimolo ‘individual grape in a bunch; small bunch of grapes consisting of few grapes; bunch of grapes’
      • luppolo ‘hops; Humulus lupulus’
      • pomo ‘fruit; knob’
      • vite ‘vine’
      • uva ‘grape; fruit of the vine’
    • Ladin
      • cerf ‘deer’
      • liever ‘hare’
    • Late Latin
      • vulpēcula ‘fox cub, little fox’
      • alvina ‘beehive’
      • pellicia ‘made of skins’
      • pellicia ‘made of skins’
      • ovicula ‘sheep, small ewe; small ewe; small ewe’
      • asellus ‘donkey’
      • lupŭlus ‘hops; Humulus lupulus’
      • falcicula ‘sickle, claw’
      • vivanda
      • fīlāre ‘to spin (thread)’
      • fīlāre ‘to spin (thread)’
      • aerāmen ‘copper; bronze’
      • aerāmen ‘copper, bronze’
      • cuprum ‘copper’
      • hibernum ‘winter’
    • Latin
      • hibernum tempus ‘wintery season’
      • hībernus ‘of winter; of winter; winterly; of winter’
      • striātus ‘furrowed, grooved’
      • hiems, hiemis ‘winter; storm; (by metonymy) year’
      • stria ‘channel, furrow, fold’
      • stringere ‘to bind fast, tighten; to strip off’
      • līra ‘furrow; ridge between furrows’
      • campus ‘flat land, plain, open field; (specialised:) field for cultivation’
      • pistillum, pistillus ‘pounder, pestle’
      • pīnsere ‘to pound, to crush’
      • modiolus ‘hub, nave of a wheel; axle in an oil press; hub, nave’
      • cultūra ‘cultivation, tillage, piece of cultivated land, care bestowed on plants, mode of growing plants, training or improvement of the faculties, observance of religious rites, veneration of a person, training of the body’
      • cultus ‘labor, care’
      • colere ‘to live in, inhabit; to take care of, honour’
      • ārea ‘ground, space, threshing floor’
      • ārere ‘to be dry’
      • rota ‘wheel’
      • rotāre ‘rotate’
      • rotūndus ‘wheel-shaped, round’
      • rotŭlus ‘cylindrical object’
      • rotella ‘small wheel’
      • modius ‘measure of volume for dry goods, esp. grain’
      • modus ‘measured amount, size, limit’
      • axis ‘axle; chariot; axis; sky; firmament’
      • arātrum ‘plough’
      • sulcus ‘furrow, channel, line traced in the soil; wake of a boat’
      • perarāre ‘to plough through’
      • aratorĭus ‘appropriate for ploughing’
      • sulcare ‘to make furrows, to cultivate, to plough; to split < sulcus m. ‘furrow’
      • *asciŏla
      • *asciāta
      • ascĭa ‘spade, adze, tool for digging the earth or for cutting stone ’
      • pāla ‘spade, shovel’
      • pangere ‘to insert firmly, fix’
      • iugum, jugum ‘yoke’
      • vehiculum ‘wheeled vehicle’
      • dolābra ‘a pick or similar tool’
      • cuneus ‘wedge’
      • dolāre ‘to hew or chop into shape’
      • secāre ‘to cut, sever’
      • sēcula ‘sickle, scythe’
      • secūris ‘axe’
      • secūricula ‘small axe’
      • secespita ‘kind of sacrificial knife’
      • serra ‘saw; serrated battle formation’
      • līma ‘file’
      • cupreum, cyprium ‘copper; copper (lit. Cyprian metal); copper’
      • autumnus ‘autumn’
      • aes, -ris ‘copper, bronze; money’
      • ferrum ‘iron, steel’
      • aestās ‘heat; summer’
      • vēr ‘spring’
      • primo vere ‘beginning of the spring’
      • aestivum (tempus)
      • hibernum ‘winter’
      • aurum ‘gold’
      • argenteus ‘of silver’
      • fūstis ‘cut wood, stick baton, club’
      • lignum ‘wood; firewood’
      • māteria ‘material, substance, wood’
      • māter, mātris ‘mother’
      • culter, cultrī ‘knife; cutting part of a plough’
      • sacēna, scēna ‘dolabra pontificalis (sacrificial dagger); sacrificial axe’
      • cultellus ‘small knife; knife’
      • castrāre ‘to castrate; to thin out (plants)’
      • cōs ‘whetstone’
      • catus ‘clever, shrewd’
      • sica ‘dagger’
      • sagitta ‘arrow’
      • hasta ‘spear, staff’
      • arcus ‘bow; arch’
      • sparus ‘hunting-spear, javelin’
      • fīlum ‘thread, line; build (of a person)’
      • torquēre ‘to turn around, to twist’
      • tēla ‘weave; spider's web; cloth; intrigue’
      • nectere ‘to weave, twine together’
      • *nedere
      • nōdus ‘knot, node’
      • nēre ‘to spin, to weave’
      • arāre ‘to plough’
      • consuere ‘to sew, to join one thing to another; to plan’
      • suere ‘to sew’
      • laborāre ‘to work, to strive, to endure, to make an effort’
      • labor ‘work, labour’
      • semināre ‘to sow; to produce, to procreate, to disseminate, to propagate’
      • serere ‘to sow, to plant’
      • sementis ‘seed; act of sowing’
      • semen ‘seed’
      • satĭo, -ōnis ‘act of sowing, sowing-time’
      • vivenda ‘means of life, sustenance’
      • vīvere ‘to live’
      • crūdus ‘raw, bloody, rough, cruel’
      • cerĕus ‘candle’
      • cēreolus ‘of the colour of wax’
      • cēra ‘wax’
      • unguentum ‘perfume, essence, perfumed oil; ointment’
      • unguere ‘to smear, to grease’
      • unguen ‘fat, grease’
      • unctus ‘anointed, perfumed, dyed, seasoned; (by extension) elegant, rich, opulent; the anointed (speaking of Christ)’
      • unctum ‘oil; perfume; good food’
      • unctura ‘(act of) anointing or perfuming (a corpse)’
      • grassus ‘fat, fatty, greasy’
      • crassus ‘fat’
      • sēbum ‘animal fat; hard animal fat, tallow, suet, grease’
      • texere ‘to weave, construct’
      • falcicula ‘a small sickle’
      • sarpere, sarpiere ‘to prune (a vine)’
      • pavīre ‘to thump, to pound, to strike’
      • pavīmentum ‘pavement’
      • sīcīlis ‘sickle’
      • sīca ‘dagger’
      • carpere ‘to pluck, gather’
      • līnum ‘flax plant, linseed; linen thread; linen’
      • frāga-ōrum ‘strawberry’
      • līnea ‘linen thread; line’
      • līneus ‘flaxen’
      • līneum ‘linen garment’
      • lineus ‘of linen, of canvass’
      • racēmus ‘bunch, cluster (of grapes or other fruit)’
      • bāca, bacca ‘fruit of tree or shrub, berry, nut, etc; ball, anything of a form similar to that of a round, fleshy fruit’
      • uva ‘grape; fruit of the vine’
      • (mala) mattiāna
      • vītis ‘grape-vine’
      • hordeum ‘barley’
      • cibus ‘food’
      • cibaria ‘food’
      • cibāre ‘to feed, to nourish’
      • cĭbus ‘food’
      • avēna ‘oats; stalk, straw (MDV); pastoral flute (DH)’
      • frūmentum ‘cereal, grain for fodder’
      • fruor ‘to enjoy (the produce of)’
      • silīgō ‘soft variety of wheat’
      • seges, segetis ‘field of corn, sowing field, arable land; field of corn, arable land’
      • terere ‘to rub, to thresh’
      • rapum ‘turnip’
      • pōmus, pōmum ‘fruit-tree; fruit’
      • grana ‘grain, cereal’
      • arvum ‘plough-land, field; ploughed land’
      • vīta ‘life’
      • grānum ‘(generic) grain, cereal; grape, seed’
      • granum ‘grain, grape, seed’
      • asinus ‘ass, donkey; wooden support piece for a roof’
      • jūmentum, jūmenta ‘beast of burden; female horse’
      • jungere ‘to put in the yoke, to join’
      • ovis ‘sheep’
      • ovicūla ‘sheep’
      • fētus ‘having recently given birth; fertile’
      • fētus ‘parturition, breeding, offspring’
      • fēta ‘a female animal which has just given birth’
      • ariēs ‘ram, male sheep; battering ram’
      • pecora ‘beast, (domesticated) animal’
      • pecus, -oris ‘cattle, livestock; herd, flock’
      • vervex ‘wether, castrated male sheep’
      • pecū ‘flock, herd, (small) cattle, sheep’
      • pecūnia ‘money, wealth; property, wealth’
      • agnellus ‘lamb’
      • agnus ‘lamb’
      • vitēllus ‘calf’
      • carnarius ‘relative to meat’
      • *vitēllus, vĭtŭlus ‘calf’
      • capra ‘goat (generic); female goat’
      • caper ‘he-goat, buck’
      • hircus ‘male goat’
      • cōrdus, chōdus ‘born late (of fruit and animals), used mainly in reference to lambs’
      • rōbus ‘kind of red’
      • ātrium ‘first main room in Roman-style house’
      • cānus ‘white (especially of hair); white (esp. of hair)’
      • cānūtus ‘grey’
      • fiber ‘beaver’
      • arguere ‘to show, affirm’
      • fulvus ‘brown, sandy, gold-coloured’
      • fuscus ‘dark, dusky; brown’
      • flāvus ‘yellow, blonde’
      • āter ‘black’
      • niger ‘black, dark’
      • albus ‘white’
      • caesius ‘bright, clear’
      • caesius ‘grey, grey-eyed’
      • rāvus ‘grey, tawny’
      • venetus ‘wind’
      • furvus ‘dark-coloured, dusky’
      • argentum ‘silver’
      • caelum ‘sky, heaven, vault of heaven’
      • caerulus ‘blue’
      • bōs ‘bovine animal, cattle; ox, bull; cow’
      • pariō ‘to give birth to, bear’
      • verres ‘boar, male pig; castrated boar ’
      • vacca ‘cow’
      • equa ‘mare’
      • equus, equa ‘horse’
      • lāna ‘wool’
      • falcula ‘pruning-knife, bill-hook’
      • fāgus ‘beech’
      • fraxinus ‘ash tree’
      • ornus ‘kind of ash tree’
      • falx, -cis ‘hook, scythe, sickle’
      • taurus ‘bull’
      • sabulum ‘sand’
      • harēna, arēna ‘sand’
      • īnsece ‘say (v)’
      • aiō ‘say (v)’
      • videō ‘see (v)’
      • sedeō ‘sit (v)’
      • pellis ‘skin; hide; pelt’
      • corium ‘skin; leather, hide’
      • stāre, stō ‘stand (v)’
      • lapis ‘stone; pebble’
      • saxum ‘stone; rock, boulder’
      • nāre, nō ‘swim (v)’
      • pēnis ‘tail; penis’
      • ille, illa, illud ‘that’
      • hic, haec, hoc ‘this’
      • tū ‘thou (2sg)’
      • dēns ‘tooth’
      • tepidus ‘warm (of weather)’
      • mulier ‘woman’
      • helvus ‘yellow (color)’
      • galbinus ‘yellow (color)’
      • dō ‘give (v)’
      • mānus ‘good’
      • pilus ‘hair (of head); fur, hair’
      • mactāre ‘kill (v)’
      • sapiō, sapere ‘know (v)’
      • tongēre ‘know (v)’
      • pēdis ‘louse (lice)’
      • multus ‘many’
      • carnis, carō ‘meat; flesh; pulp of fruit; pith of a tree’
      • collus ‘neck’
      • cervīx ‘neck’
      • ne-, nōn ‘not’
      • homō ‘human (being); man’
      • avis ‘bird’
      • niger ‘black; dark’
      • cruor ‘blood (n); blood from a wound; bloodshed’
      • sinus ‘breast, bosom; lap; chest; curved surface; curve;’
      • pectus ‘breast; chest’
      • cremāre, cremō ‘burn (intr. v)’
      • ūrō ‘burn (intr. v)’
      • gelidus ‘cold (of weather)’
      • moritur, morior ‘die (v)’
      • canis, canēs ‘dog’
      • bibō, bibere ‘drink’
      • tellus ‘earth (soil, ground)’
      • terra ‘earth (soil, ground); land, region, country’
      • edere ‘eat’
      • penna ‘feather; wing’
      • plūma ‘feather; plume’
      • sāl ‘salt’
      • colostra, colustra ‘beestings, first milk of a milking’
      • *salnitrum
      • vīnum ‘wine’
      • vellus ‘fleece; sheepskin with wool, sheep´s wool, animal skin’
      • vēnātiōnem ‘hunting’
      • bēstia ‘beast, animal’
      • vēnātus ‘hunt’
      • venatio, -ionis ‘hunt, spoils of the hunt, game’
      • vēnārī ‘to hunt’
      • vultur ‘vulture’
      • corvus ‘raven’
      • aquila ‘eagle’
      • cornīcula ‘small crow’
      • cornīx, cornīcis ‘crow’
      • colubra ‘snake, serpent; female snake’
      • natrix, -icis ‘water-snake’
      • vīpera ‘poisonous snake’
      • alvus ‘belly, beehive’
      • mel, -llis ‘honey; (by extension) sweetness, sweet talk, delight’
      • apis ‘bee’
      • apicula ‘bee’
      • lupus ‘wolf; the plant Lupinus albus’
      • lupa ‘female wolf; prostitute’
      • anas, anatis ‘duck’
      • canīcula ‘bitch’
      • cattus ‘cat (wild, later domesticated)’
      • porcus ‘pig; fat or greedy person’
      • suīnus, suīlus ‘of or pertaining to pigs’
      • lac, lactis ‘milk; sap or juice of a milky appearance’
      • *capro
      • sūs ‘pig, sow’
      • pullus ‘young chicken; young of an animal, esp. young cock, hen; foal’
      • pulla ‘young hen’
      • gallīna ‘hen; chicken (generic)’
      • gallus ‘cock, rooster’
      • cāpus ‘capon, castrated cock’
      • stercus gallinaceum
      • gallo ‘cock, rooster’
      • volpēs ‘fox’
      • ursus ‘bear’
      • aper ‘wild boar’
      • axiō ‘horned owl’
      • cervus ‘stag, deer’
      • būbō ‘horned owl; horned or eagle owl’
      • ulula ‘the tawny owl’
      • lepus ‘hare’
      • serpēns ‘snake, serpent’
      • serpere ‘to crawl, to glide’
      • anguis ‘snake’
      • vermis ‘worm, maggot’
      • anguilla ‘eel’
      • humus ‘earth; ground’
      • hūmānus ‘human’
      • iste, ista, istud ‘that’
      • gladius ‘sword’
      • ulmus ‘elm’
    • Middle French
      • goupil ‘fox’
      • pon, pom
      • saiete, sayette ‘arrow’
      • fuste ‘wood (material); wooden beam, log; light and rapid wooden warship’
      • argent ‘silver’
    • Occitan
      • argent ‘silver’
      • aur ‘gold’
      • fusta ‘wood, wooden beam’
      • lenha ‘wood’
      • estat ‘summer’
      • primavera ‘spring’
      • ferre ‘iron’
      • aram ‘bronze’
      • sageta ‘arrow’
      • cotèl, coltel ‘knife’
      • coltre, coitre ‘coulter’
      • pèl ‘skin, hide, leather’
      • serra ‘saw, sickle; mountain chain’
      • ressega ‘saw’
      • segar ‘to reap, to harvest’
      • doladoira ‘axe’
      • viacòl ‘vehicle; means of transport’
      • jo ‘yoke, yoke’
      • pala ‘shovel’
      • palavèrs ‘spade’
      • araire ‘plough’
      • ròda ‘wheel’
      • mojòl ‘nave, hub; yoke of an egg’
      • ais ‘axle, axis’
      • camp ‘field for cultivation’
      • ivern ‘winter’
      • poma ‘apple’
      • pom ‘apple’
      • uva ‘bunch of grapes; grape’
      • baga ‘grain, berry, seed’
      • vit ‘vine’
      • razim, rasim ‘grape’
      • lin ‘flax; linen’
      • faus ‘scythe’
      • grá, gran ‘wheat; (generic) grain, cereal’
      • raba ‘turnip’
      • semenar ‘to sow (seed)’
      • froment ‘any cereal/grain used for making flour for alimentry purposes; wheat’
      • avena ‘oats’
      • civada ‘oats’
      • òrdi ‘barley; cereal (generic)’
      • téisser, tésquer ‘to weave’
      • seu ‘animal fat, tallow’
      • graissa ‘animal grease’
      • vin ‘wine’
      • cera ‘wax’
      • carn ‘flesh, meat’
      • laurar ‘to plough’
      • tela ‘cloth, canvass; woven material’
      • fial ‘thread’
      • tórser ‘to twist, to bend’
      • filar ‘to spin (thread)’
      • volp ‘fox’
      • volpilh, volpilha ‘fox’
      • ors ‘bear’
      • sèrp ‘snake’
      • lèbre ‘hare’
      • gal ‘cock, rooster’
      • cabra ‘goat’
      • porc, pòrc ‘pig’
      • canh, canha ‘dog’
      • anet, anede, aneda ‘duck’
      • lop ‘wolf’
      • abelha ‘bee’
      • vèrme ‘worm’
      • vipèra ‘viper’
      • cornelha, cornalha ‘crow’
      • còrb ‘crow’
      • cerf, cèrvi ‘deer, stag’
      • agla ‘eagle’
      • vèl ‘fleece’
      • pelissa ‘fur (esp. as product)’
      • sal ‘salt’
      • lach ‘milk’
      • pel ‘hair’
      • mèl ‘honey’
      • lana ‘wool’
      • èga ‘mare, female horse’
      • vaca ‘cow’
      • vèrre ‘male pig’
      • buou ‘ox’
      • taur ‘bull’
      • anhèl, anhèla ‘lamb’
      • vedèl, vedèla ‘calf’
      • pec, peca ‘stupid’
      • aret ‘ram, male sheep’
      • oelha ‘ewe, female sheep’
      • jumen ‘beast of burden’
      • ase ‘donkey’
      • dama ‘fallow deer’
    • Old French
      • asne ‘donkey’
      • jument ‘beast of burden; female horse’
      • berbis ‘sheep’
      • oeille ‘sheep’
      • vedel, veel, viaul ‘calf’
      • torel, toreau ‘bull, young bull’
      • tor ‘bull’
      • buef, beuf ‘ox, castrated bull; meat of this animal’
      • ver ‘(wild) boar, male pig’
      • vake, vache ‘cow’
      • ive ‘female horse’
      • falcilles ‘sickle’
      • fauz, faulx ‘scythe, sickle’
      • pel ‘skin (person's); skin’
      • char, charn, carn ‘meat, flesh’
      • craisse, graisse, gresse ‘fat (organic substance); animal or human fat’
      • lait ‘milk’
      • mel ‘honey’
      • peil, pol ‘hair, body hair, animal hair’
      • sel ‘salt’
      • vin ‘wine’
      • faon, faün ‘young of a wild animal; young deer’
      • lainne, leine, laine ‘wool’
      • veneson, veneisun, venison, venoison ‘hunt, game’
      • bisse ‘(wild) animal; female deer’
      • cerf ‘deer’
      • beste ‘beast, animal’
      • corp ‘raven; crow’
      • eigle, egle, aille ‘eagle’
      • corb ‘raven’
      • guivre, givre, vouivre, vivre, wyvre, wivre ‘(poisonous) snake; viper’
      • verm ‘worm’
      • vipere, vipre
      • ef ‘bee’
      • leu ‘wolf’
      • ane, anete ‘duck’
      • caper ‘male goat’
      • jal ‘cock, rooster’
      • lievre ‘hare’
      • serpent ‘snake’
      • urs ‘bear’
      • gupil ‘fox’
      • file ‘to pour, to pour away (int.); to lengthen, stretch; to spin thread’
      • fil ‘thread’
      • tordre ‘to twist, to bend, to deform’
      • teile, toile ‘cloth, simply woven material’
      • arer ‘to plough’
      • car ‘human flesh, human body’
      • cyre, chire, cire ‘wax’
      • gras ‘fat, fatty, greasy’
      • seu, sieu, siu, sui ‘melted animal fat, tallow; vegetal grease’
      • tissu ‘belt; woven headband; dress’
      • tistre ‘to weave’
      • uindre ‘to anoint with grease or some other fatty substance’
      • unguere ‘to smear, to grease’
      • onguent ‘medicine applied to the skin’
      • aveine ‘oats’
      • reve ‘turnip’
      • pon, pom ‘apple’
      • grain, grein ‘grain, cereal’
      • serpe ‘sickle’
      • linge ‘of linen, of canvass’
      • raisin ‘grape; fruit of the vine’
      • rond ‘round’
      • arere ‘plough’
      • doleoire ‘axe, carpenterʼs tool’
      • aisse ‘hatchet’
      • cultre, coutre ‘coulter (plough blade)’
      • saete, saiete ‘arrow’
      • arc ‘bow, curve, arch’
      • haste ‘lance, spear’
      • arain ‘bronze’
      • automne, auptonne ‘autumn’
      • primevoire, primevere ‘spring’
      • ested, estet, esté ‘summer’
      • argent ‘silver; silver currency’
      • glai ‘gladiolus’
      • gladie ‘lance’
      • glaive ‘sword, massacre’
    • Old Italian
      • ghiado ‘sword’
      • ritondo ‘round’
      • poma ‘fruit’
      • pómo ‘fruit tree’
      • lova ‘she-wolf’
    • Old Portuguese
      • aradro
    • Old Provençal
      • segar ‘to saw’
      • ivern ‘winter’
      • fusta
      • uva ‘grape’
      • laorar, laborar ‘to plough’
      • aigla ‘eagle’
      • berbitz ‘wether; ram (?)’
      • glai ‘sword’
    • Old Spanish
      • aguila ‘eagle’
      • hormiento ‘wheat’
      • fusta ‘wood’
      • argento ‘silver’
      • aramne ‘bronze’
    • Portuguese
      • arame ‘(formerly) brass; brass wire, (by extension) wire of any metal, esp. copper or iron’
      • outono ‘autumn’
      • estio ‘summer, heat; maturity’
      • verão ‘summer’
      • primavera ‘spring’
      • argentar ‘to plate with silver’
      • ouro, oiro ‘gold’
      • ferro ‘iron’
      • madeira ‘wood’
      • lenha ‘firewood’
      • fuste ‘wooden pillar’
      • hasta ‘spear’
      • haste ‘pole; stem, stalk’
      • seta ‘arrow’
      • cutelo ‘cleaver’
      • lápide ‘engraved stone, marker stone, tombstone’
      • lápis ‘pencil’
      • cuoro ‘leather; animal skin, hide’
      • inverno ‘winter’
      • sulco ‘furrow’
      • campo ‘plain; flat ground, esp. for cultivation’
      • cultura ‘the act, work, or process of cultivating the land; cultivation; a cultivated piece of ground; the knowledge, creations, manners etc. of a person or a social group’
      • eixo ‘axle; axis’
      • roda ‘wheel’
      • veiculo ‘vehicle; means of transport’
      • segadeira ‘scythe’
      • segar ‘to cut (grass, cereals. etc.)’
      • serrote, serrota ‘small handsaw’
      • serra ‘saw; mountain chain’
      • segure ‘axe’
      • segado ‘cut’
      • aradoiro ‘plough’
      • arado ‘plough; agricultural work’
      • sulcar ‘to make furrows or open channels with a plough’
      • pá ‘spade, shovel’
      • enxó ‘adze’
      • enxada ‘mattock, hoe, spade’
      • frumento ‘a species of wheat; any cereal (generic)’
      • frumental ‘a type of oats’
      • semear ‘to sow (seed)’
      • sazão ‘sowing’
      • aveia ‘oats’
      • cevada ‘barley (plant and grain)’
      • cevo ‘food, nutricion; bait’
      • grão ‘(generic) grain, cereal; particle’
      • uva ‘grape; fruit of the vine; beautiful woman, by extension, anything that is beautiful’
      • maçã ‘apple’
      • pomar ‘orchard’
      • pomo ‘apple; fruit’
      • baga ‘a single fruit, of any species that produces fleshy fruit’
      • bago ‘grape; a single grape; any fleshy fruit’
      • videira ‘vine (generic); grape vine (Vitis vinifera)’
      • vide ‘vine; shoot of a vine; part of the umbilical cord that remains attached to the placenta’
      • racimo ‘bunch, cluster (esp. of grapes)’
      • linho ‘flax; linen’
      • linhaça ‘linseed’
      • lúpulo ‘hops; Humulus lupulus’
      • lavrar ‘to plough; to cut, to carve, to engrave; to build, to work stone’
      • lavoura ‘agriculture, tillage, ploughing’
      • arar ‘to plough’
      • teia ‘weave (noun); textile, cloth, canvass; (spider's) web; intrigue, complex situation’
      • tela ‘cloth, gauze, canvas, painting, cinema screen’
      • tecer ‘to weave; to spin; to interlace’
      • torcer ‘to twist, to bend’
      • fiar ‘to spin (thread)’
      • unguento ‘perfume; grease-based medicament; ointment’
      • unto ‘pork fat, lard, dripping; grease, oil’
      • sebo ‘animal fat, tallow, suet; fat, grease; sebaceous wax’
      • graixa ‘grease; wax polish’
      • cera ‘wax’
      • círio ‘wax taper’
      • vinho ‘wine’
      • águia ‘eagle’
      • corvo ‘raven; crow (generic)’
      • cervo ‘deer (generic)’
      • verme ‘worm (generic)’
      • víbora ‘viper’
      • cobra ‘snake (generic)’
      • bicho ‘animal; ferocious animal; insect; vermin’
      • veada ‘female deer (generic)’
      • veado ‘deer (generic); venison’
      • veação ‘hunting’
      • velo ‘wool on the animal; animal skin; fleece’
      • velocino ‘fleece, sheepskin’
      • sal ‘salt’
      • pêlo ‘animal hair; human body hair; any filament’
      • pelliça ‘fur’
      • mel ‘honey’
      • lobo ‘wolf’
      • loba ‘female wolf’
      • abelha ‘bee’
      • galo ‘cock, rooster; chicken (generic)’
      • galinha ‘hen; chicken (generic)’
      • leite ‘milk; white sap of certain fruits or plants’
      • porco ‘pig; male pig; pork’
      • porca ‘female pig’
      • golpelha ‘fox’
      • cã ‘grey hair’
      • urso ‘bear’
      • serpente ‘snake, especially larger or poisonous varieties’
      • lebre ‘hare (generic), female hare’
      • lebrão ‘male hare’
      • enguia ‘eel’
      • carneiro ‘ram, sheep (generic)’
      • aríete ‘battering ram’
      • vitela ‘calf under one year of age; meat of this animal’
      • cordeiro ‘male lamb, lamb meat’
      • anho ‘lamb’
      • ovelha ‘sheep (generic), ewe’
      • jumento ‘donkey; fool’
      • égua ‘mare, female horse’
      • asno, asna ‘ass, donkey, jackass; fool’
      • varrão ‘boar, uncastrated boar; womanising man, migrant farm-worker’
      • vaca ‘cow’
      • boi ‘bovine, bull, ox’
      • parir ‘to give birth (esp. of animals)’
      • touro ‘bull’
      • lã ‘wool’
      • cão ‘dog, hound; hammer (of gun)’
      • carne ‘meat, flesh’
      • semente ‘seed’
      • pele ‘skin; hide; fur’
      • foice, fouce ‘scythe, sickle’
    • Proto-Gallo-Romance
      • damma, dāma ‘fallow deer’
    • Provençal
      • bou; boio ‘bull; cow’
      • taur ‘bull’
      • ego, ègo ‘mare, female horse’
      • ovelha ‘sheep’
      • lèbre, lèbro ‘hare’
      • sèrp ‘snake’
      • ors ‘bear’
      • loup ‘wolf’
      • volp ‘fox’
      • gal ‘cock, rooster’
      • abeiho ‘bee’
      • can ‘dog’
      • gat ‘cat’
      • mèl ‘honey’
      • pel ‘hair’
      • lach ‘milk’
      • sal ‘salt’
      • lana ‘wool’
      • vipèro ‘viper’
      • agla ‘eagle’
      • cerf, cèrvi ‘deer’
      • còrb ‘raven’
      • vi ‘wine’
      • cera ‘wax’
      • ciri, cire ‘candle’
      • carnago ‘meat’
      • gras ‘fat’
      • seu ‘animal fat, tallow’
      • torser ‘to twist, to bend’
      • teiser ‘to weave’
      • tela ‘textile, cloth, woven material’
      • lavorar ‘to plough’
      • laorar ‘to work, to plough, to cultivate’
      • semenar ‘to sow (seed)’
      • sazon
      • semen ‘seed’
      • lin ‘flax, linen’
      • faus, fants ‘scythe, sickle’
      • razim ‘grape’
      • vid ‘vine’
      • pom ‘apple’
      • gran, gra ‘grain, cereal’
      • grana ‘grain, particle’
      • òrdi ‘barley’
      • fromen ‘wheat’
      • serra ‘saw’
      • segar ‘to cut’
      • roda ‘wheel’
      • campo ‘field for cultivation’
      • sageto ‘arrow’
      • fust ‘shaft, handle’
      • aur, au ‘gold’
      • fèr, far ‘iron’
      • argènt ‘silver’
      • primavera ‘spring’
    • Romanian
      • primăvară ‘spring’
      • vară ‘summer’
      • toamnă ‘autumn’
      • aramă ‘copper, bronze; copper’
      • argint ‘silver; coin; money’
      • arginți ‘silver’
      • aur ‘gold’
      • fier ‘iron’
      • fuşte ‘club, lance, wooden spear’
      • săgeată ‘arrow’
      • arc ‘bow, arc, arch’
      • cîmp ‘field for cultivation’
      • iarnă ‘winter’
      • roată ‘wheel’
      • rătund ‘round’
      • vehicul ‘means of transport’
      • secure ‘axe’
      • jug ‘yoke’
      • sămăna ‘to sow (seed)’
      • orz ‘barley’
      • grâu ‘wheat (grain and plant)’
      • grăunți ‘(generic) grain, cereal’
      • ovăz ‘oat’
      • poamă ‘fruit’
      • pom ‘fruit tree’
      • seceră ‘sickle’
      • in ‘flax; linen; linseed; linen yarn’
      • ara ‘to plough’
      • ţese ‘to weave’
      • teară ‘weave, warp; loom’
      • toarce ‘to spin thread; to twist, to turn’
      • filá ‘to spin thread’
      • seu ‘animal fat, tallow’
      • gras ‘fat, fatty, greasy’
      • unt ‘butter’
      • ceară ‘wax’
      • vin ‘wine’
      • corb ‘raven’
      • aceră ‘eagle (dialectal); hawk’
      • acvilă ‘eagle; seal, standard, coat of arms’
      • vultur ‘vulture; eagle’
      • cerb ‘deer’
      • viperă ‘viper’
      • vierme ‘worm; larva’
      • vânat ‘hunt; quarry; game, venison’
      • bestie ‘wild beast, ferocious beast; ferocious or cruel person’
      • lapte ‘milk’
      • sare ‘salt’
      • miere ‘honey’
      • câine ‘dog’
      • albină ‘bee’
      • lup ‘wolf’
      • porc ‘pig’
      • capră ‘goat’
      • vulpe ‘fox’
      • urs ‘bear’
      • șarpe ‘snake (generic)’
      • iepure ‘rabbit; hare’
      • iepure de vizuină ‘rabbit’
      • iepure de câmp ‘hare (lit. hare of the field)’
      • anghilă ‘eel’
      • oaie ‘ewe’
      • berbec ‘ram’
      • iapă ‘mare, female horse’
      • asin ‘donkey’
      • miel ‘lamb’
      • arete ‘ram’
      • taur ‘bull’
      • lână, lînă ‘wool’
      • bou ‘ox; castrated bull used as a beast of burden’
      • vier ‘wild boar’
      • falcă ‘jawbone’
      • piele ‘skin; hide; leather’
      • păr ‘hair’
      • carne ‘flesh; meat; edible part of a fruit’
      • grăsime ‘fat; grease’
      • untură ‘fat; lard, grease’
    • Romansh
      • verm ‘worm’
      • evla ‘eagle’
      • tschierv ‘deer’
      • enviern ‘winter’
    • Sardinian
      • ierru, iberru ‘winter’
      • campu ‘field for cultivation’
      • roda, orroda ‘wheel’
      • ródulu, rótulu ‘cylindrical object’
      • rodulare, roddulare, lodurare, loddurare ‘to roll’
      • rodetta, rodedda, arrodedda ‘small wheel’
      • giù, giubu, jù ‘yoke’
      • segare, secare, segai ‘to cut’
      • serra ‘saw’
      • saetta ‘umbilical cord’
      • pedde, peddi ‘skin, hide, leather’
      • linna ‘wood’
      • fuste, fusti ‘log, stick’
      • aglientu, arjentu, argentu ‘silver’
      • oro, oru ‘gold’
      • ferru ‘iron’
      • istiu, istade, istadi, stadi ‘summer’
      • chera, cera ‘wax’
      • carre, carri ‘meat’
      • seu ‘animal fat, tallow’
      • tèssere, tessi ‘to weave’
      • filu ‘thread’
      • istòrchere, strocci ‘to twist, to bend’
      • tela ‘cloth, canvass; woven material’
      • laorare, laborare ‘to plough’
      • laore, labore, lori ‘work, labour; fodder, sowing’
      • semenare, seminai ‘to sow (seed)’
      • sèmene, sèmini ‘seed’
      • linu ‘flax; linen’
      • falche, farche, farci, fraci ‘sickle, scythe’
      • ua ‘grape; fruit of the vine’
      • bide, bidi ‘vine’
      • ranu ‘grain, cereal’
      • chervu, cherbu, cerbu ‘deer’
      • àbbile, àghila, àcchibi ‘eagle’
      • colvu, corbu ‘crow’
      • pìbera, pìpera ‘viper’
      • mele, meli ‘honey’
      • latte, latti ‘milk’
      • sale, sali ‘salt’
      • salamidru, salamitru, salnitru ‘saltpetre, nitrate’
      • binu, vinu ‘wine’
      • lana ‘wool’
      • berme, bremi ‘worm’
      • lèppere, lèppore, léppuri ‘hare’
      • ursu ‘bear’
      • gurpe, upre, grupi ‘fox’
      • cabra, craba, crapa ‘female goat’
      • porcu, procu ‘pig’
      • lupu ‘wolf’
      • cane, cani ‘dog’
      • pilu ‘hair’
      • tundu, retundu ‘round’
      • ebba ‘mare, female horse’
      • boe, boi ‘ox’
      • bacca, vacca ‘cow’
      • pegus, pecus ‘beast, (domesticated) animal’
      • àinu, àsinu ‘donkey’
    • Spanish
      • asno ‘donkey’
      • oveja ‘sheep (generic)’
      • jumento ‘donkey, ass (literary)’
      • carnero ‘ram; originally castrated male’
      • aríete ‘battering ram’
      • cordero ‘lamb’
      • vaca ‘cow’
      • verraco ‘boar, male pig’
      • buey ‘ox; fool’
      • yegua ‘mare, female horse’
      • lana ‘wool’
      • naranja ‘orange’
      • gris ‘grey’
      • parir ‘to give birth’
      • toro ‘bull’
      • rojo ‘red’
      • piel ‘skin; fur; pelt; leather’
      • hoz ‘sickle’
      • pelo ‘hair’
      • asta ‘horn; flagpole; shaft; lance, spear’
      • carne ‘flesh; meat; edible part of a fruit’
      • lobo ‘wolf’
      • loba ‘female wolf’
      • abeja ‘bee’
      • can ‘dog’
      • ánade ‘duck’
      • puerco ‘pig; pork meat’
      • cabra ‘goat’
      • cabrón ‘male goat’
      • gallo ‘cock, rooster’
      • gallinaza ‘droppings of domestic fowl’
      • gallina ‘hen; chicken (generic)’
      • vulpeja ‘vixen’
      • oso ‘bear’
      • liebre ‘hare’
      • serpiente ‘snake (generic)’
      • anguila ‘eel’
      • vellón ‘fleece; sheepskin with the wool attached; body hair’
      • pelliza ‘fur’
      • bestia ‘beast; brutal person’
      • venado ‘deer, venison; cuckold’
      • vino ‘wine’
      • sal ‘salt’
      • leche ‘milk’
      • miel ‘honey’
      • víbora ‘viper’
      • verme ‘worm’
      • culebra ‘snake (generic)’
      • corneja ‘crow’
      • cuervo ‘crow (generic); raven’
      • águila ‘eagle’
      • ciervo ‘deer, stag’
      • grano ‘(generic) grain, cereal; seed; kernel’
      • cebada ‘fodder, barley’
      • cebo ‘fodder, food’
      • avena ‘oats’
      • vid ‘vine’
      • baya ‘berry’
      • baga ‘seed-head of the flax plant’
      • lúpulo ‘hops; Humulus lupulus’
      • racimo ‘bunch, cluster, usually of grapes, berries or other small fruit’
      • uva ‘grape; fruit of the vine’
      • poma ‘fruit; apple’
      • manzano ‘apple tree’
      • manzana ‘apple’
      • lino ‘flax; linen’
      • linaza ‘flaxseed, linseed’
      • sembrar ‘to sow (seed)’
      • sazón ‘sowing, seasoning’
      • simiente ‘seed’
      • labrar ‘to plough’
      • laborar ‘to work’
      • arar ‘to plough’
      • tela ‘textile; cloth’
      • torcer ‘to twist, to bend’
      • hilar ‘to spin (thread)’
      • tejer ‘to weave’
      • sebo ‘animal fat, tallow’
      • graso ‘fat’
      • unguento ‘ointment’
      • cera ‘wax’
      • cirio ‘candle’
      • estío ‘summer’
      • verano ‘summer’
      • primavera ‘spring’
      • hierro, fierro ‘iron’
      • otoño ‘autumn’
      • oro ‘gold’
      • argento ‘silver (lit., poetic)’
      • leño ‘log; piece of wood, timber’
      • leña ‘firewood’
      • madera ‘wood’
      • cuero ‘leather; animal skin, hide’
      • lápida ‘tombstone’
      • lápiz ‘pencil’
      • cuchilla ‘blade; coulter; cleaver; mountain range’
      • cuchillo ‘knife’
      • saeta ‘arrow’
      • sierra ‘saw; mountain chain’
      • segar ‘to cut’
      • yugo ‘yoke’
      • vehiculo ‘vehicle; means of transport’
      • segur ‘axe’
      • azuela ‘adze’
      • pala ‘spade, shovel’
      • surco ‘furrow’
      • arado ‘plough’
      • rueda ‘wheel’
      • eje ‘axle’
      • campo ‘field for cultivation’
      • invierno ‘winter’
    • Vulgar Latin
      • *axilis
      • *axalis
      • *rotulāre
      • *slucus
      • *seca ‘saw’
      • dolatōria ‘axe’
      • prima vere
      • primavera, prima vere ‘spring’
      • veranum
      • veranum tempus ‘spring weather’
      • *crassia ‘fatty’
      • *torcere
      • *sarpa
      • *sicilis
      • *racīmus
      • bestia ‘beast, animal’
      • *wipera
      • falcicula ‘sickle, claw; sickle’
      • (ad) + ecce + iste
      • (ad) + ecce + ille
      • cordarīus
      • *carnariu ‘ram, meat of the ram’
      • berbex, berbix ‘sheep’
      • ecce + hic
    • Walloon
      • ciér ‘deer’
      • chèrpint ‘snake’
      • live ‘hare’
      • påle ‘spade’
    • Oscan
      • luisarifs ‘in which the furrows are drawn’
      • aizniō ‘made of bronze’
      • aragetúm* ‘money’
      • carneis, carnom ‘part’
    • Umbrian
      • karu, karne, karnus ‘part’
      • eriess* ‘ram’
      • pequo ‘cattle’
      • bus* ‘bovine animal’
      • abrunu, apruf, abrof, abrons ‘wild boar’
      • avs* ‘bird’
      • curnaco ‘crow’
      • ahesnes ‘made of bronze’
      • vapeře, vapefem, uapefe, uapersus, uapersusto ‘stone seat’
    • Tocharian B
      • tärk- ‘to turn’
    • Stub PIE Swadesh
      • red (color)-2
      • red (color)-3
      • sand-10
      • woman-7
      • maybe onomatopoeic *gul-
      • horn-3
      • green (color)-6
      • hair (of head)-12
      • hair (of head)-14
      • hair (of head)-18
      • man (adult male human)-3
      • liver-1
      • long (adj)-1
      • leaf (botanics)-4
      • fire-9
      • earth (soil, ground)-12
      • burn (intr. v)-3
      • black (color)-5
      • bird-8
      • big-11
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian
      • *laupā̆ća-, *raupāća- ‘fox; (prob. also) jackal’
      • *uršan- ‘male animal’
      • *Hrtća-
      • *laupā̆ća-
      • *raupāća- ‘fox; (prob. also) jackal’
      • *tark- ‘to move to and fro, turn’
      • *Hnadh-
    • Medieval Latin
      • lupŭlus ‘hops; Humulus lupulus’
    • Stub proto-form
      • *ghr̥yo-
      • *ǵhersd-
      • *ghersd-eh₂-
      • *rā̆p(h )-
      • *h₂erk-asnō-
      • *h₂erk-uh₂-
      • *skēp-
      • *wḷpaka-
      • *h2ed + *h1reip-h2- ‘to + steep slope’
    • Stub Culture Indo-European
      • *bhrHǵ- ‘birch’
    • Proto-Romance
      • *hibernīnum
      • *perarāmentum
    • Old Catalan
      • jument ‘donkey’