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Grammar
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Stub Culture Indo-European
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PIE. *ǵhel- v. 'to cut'
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1. Go. gilþa 'sickle' < PIE. *ghel- 'sickle' (SEO) 2. Go. gilþa m. 'knife' < proto-form. *ghel-ton- (GK) 3. PIE. *ģhel- v. 'to cut' (?) (CDB)
Guus Kroonen. "gald(j)a-" in: Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Indo-European Etymological Dictionaries Online. Edited by Alexander Lubotsky. Brill, 2014. Brill Online. June 29, 2014. < http://iedo.brillonline.nl.ludwig.lub.lu.se/dictionaries/lemma.html?id=21130 >
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Stub Culture Indo-European
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spade-1
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Gr. λισγάριον adj. ‘spade, mattock’
CDB
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Classical Greek
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lisgárion
/ λισγάριον
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spade, mattock
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Stub Culture Indo-European
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spade-2
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Gr. ἄμη 'spade'
CDB
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Stub Culture Indo-European
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sickle-3
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Gr. κρώπιον [n.] ‘sickle, scythe’ (RB) Pre-Greek, according to Beekes.
Robert Beekes (with the assistance of Lucien van Beek). "κρώπιον" in: Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Indo-European Etymological Dictionaries Online. Edited by Alexander Lubotsky. Brill, 2014. Brill Online. June 23, 2014. < http://iedo.brillonline.nl.ludwig.lub.lu.se/dictionaries/lemma.html?id=6862 >
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Stub Culture Indo-European
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sickle-4
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Arm. mangaɫ 'sickle' (HKM)
Hrach K. Martirosyan. "gerandi" in: Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon. Indo-European Etymological Dictionaries Online. Edited by Alexander Lubotsky. Brill, 2014. Brill Online. June 24, 2014. < http://iedo.brillonline.nl.ludwig.lub.lu.se/dictionaries/lemma.html?id=272 >
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Stub Culture Indo-European
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PIE. *ghróbh-
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PGm. *graba- n. ‘grave’ < PGm. *graban- sv. ‘to dig’ < PIE. *ghróbh- (GK). "Only cognates in BSl., cf. OCS. pogrebǫ 'bury', Latv. grebju, grebt 'excavate, scrape'. Perhaps a substratum word (homonym and sometimes confused with *ghrebh- 'seize')?" (DB).
Dirk Boutkan and Sjoerd Michiel Siebinga. "gref" in: Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary. Indo-European Etymological Dictionaries Online. Edited by Alexander Lubotsky. Brill, 2014. Brill Online. July 3, 2014. < http://iedo.brillonline.nl.ludwig…
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Stub Culture Indo-European
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PIE. *sph₂-dh(h₁)- 'blade, spade'
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1. PGm. *spadan- m. ‘spade’ < proto-form. *sph̥2-dh-on- (GK) 2. Gr. σπάθη [f.] 'flat and oblong object' < IE? *sph₂-dh(h₁)- 'blade, spade' (RB). "A Germanic-Greek formation. The word seems to have come about as a compound of the roots *speh₂- (cf. Gr. σπάω v. 'to draw, (e.g. a sword), to pull; to suck in, slurp down') and *dhh₁- v. 'to put' " (GK).
1. Guus Kroonen. "spadan-" in: Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Indo-European Etymological Dictionaries Online. Edited by Alexander Lub…
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Stub Culture Indo-European
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PIE. *drep- 'pluck'
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Gr. δρéπανον 'sickle' < δρεπω v. 'to pluck, cut off' < PIE. *drep- 'pluck'
Robert Beekes (with the assistance of Lucien van Beek). "δρέπω" in: Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Indo-European Etymological Dictionaries Online. Edited by Alexander Lubotsky. Brill, 2014. Brill Online. June 28, 2014. < http://iedo.brillonline.nl.ludwig.lub.lu.se/dictionaries/lemma.html?id=4923 >
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Bulgarian
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dắrpam
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scratch, tear
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Stub Culture Indo-European
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sickle-2
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Lat. sīcīlis f. 'sickle' < sīca f. ‘dagger’ (MDV). "There is no way to connect sīc- 'dagger, sickle' with the root sec- v. 'to cut', nor is there an alternative etymology. The noun may well be a loanword" (MDV). Possibly <- PAlb. *tsikā < PIE. *ḱẽi v. 'to sharpen'? (AED). Borrowing cannot have been in the other direction, for phonetic reasons: Lat. s- -> Alb. sh- (AED).
Michiel de Vaan. "sīca" in: Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages. Indo-European Etymological Dictio…
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Stub Culture Indo-European
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sickle-1
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Gr. ζάγκλη [f.] ‘sickle’. "A Sicilian word without etymology. According to Niedermann, it is a Ligurian word, from which Lat. falx would be a loan as well" (RB). [NOTE: ζάγκλη is also the name of a town in Sicily (later Μεσσήνη), after the sickle-like shape of its harbour. Compare the town of Trapani, also in Sicily, the name of which is a derivative of δρéπανον 'sickle' , for similar reasons].
Robert Beekes (with the assistance of Lucien van Beek). "ζάγκλη" in: Etymological Dictionary of Gr…
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Stub Culture Indo-European
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PIE. *krp- v. 'to pick, pluck'
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1. Gr. καρπός m. ‘fruit, fruits of the earth, corn, yields’ (RB). 2. Lat. carpere v. 'to pluck (off) < PItal. *karp- < PIE. *kerp-e/o- v. 'to pick, pluck'. (MDV)' 3. Ir. corrán m. 'sickle, hook; jaw' & cirrid, cirrbedh, cerbad v. 'cut. cut off, maim': CDB associates Ir. corrán 'sickle' with Ir. cirrim v. 'I cut, cut off', and connects both with Gr. καρπός ‘fruit, fruits of the earth, corn, yields’, Lat. carpere v. 'to pluck (off)', Lith. kirpti 'cut with shears', etc. It might also be plaus…
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Old High German
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sichila, sihila
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sickle
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Further etymology uncertain; possibly <- Lat. secula 'sickle' (CDB)., Etymology uncertain. CDB regards OE. sicol (and other Germanic cognates) as <- Lat. secula 'sickle'. Others disagree: "it is not certain that the word can be regarded as an early adoption of the Campanian Latin secula, < secāre to cut" (OED 1910).
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Stub Culture Indo-European
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PIE. *(s)kerH- v. 'to cut'
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PGm. *skēra- n. ‘scissors’ < *skeran- ‘to cut’ < PIE. *skérH-e- (GK) "A strong verb with a European distribution" (GK) The OE & MD words, plus OHG scâra ( < *skǣrō) are from one root. Another declensional variant is represented by OHG skâr, plural skâri (whence the later singular form Middle High German schære, modern German schere, feminine), as well as the ON and Norw. dial. forms.
Guus Kroonen. "skēra-" in: Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Indo-European Etymological Dictionaries On…
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Old High German
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skâr, skâri
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scissors
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Stub Culture Indo-European
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PIE. *ph₂u-ie/o-
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Gr. παίω v. 'to strike, hew, thrust, hit, bump' < PIE. *ph₂u-ie/o- (RB). Cognates in Baltic & Latin.
Robert Beekes (with the assistance of Lucien van Beek). "παίω" in: Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Indo-European Etymological Dictionaries Online. Edited by Alexander Lubotsky. Brill, 2014. Brill Online. September 22, 2014. < http://iedo.brillonline.nl/dictionaries/lemma.html?id=8274 >
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Stub Culture Indo-European
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yoke-1
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Port. canga f. 'ox-yoke; servitude, oppression'. Possibly <- PCelt. *cambica 'curved wood'; the suggestion (see DH) of borrowing, in the context of slave-trading, from a Bantu language such as Kicongo (Kicongo kanga v. 'to tie, to take, to capture') is unsustainable since the word is already attested in Portuguese and elsewhere in Iberia in the fourteenth century (COR).
DH, COR, RF
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Stub Culture Indo-European
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PIE. *uoǵh- v. 'to carry, convey, drive'
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1. PGm. *wagna- m. ‘wagon’ < PIE. *uoǵh-no- (GK) 2. PCelt. *wegno- ‘wagon’ < PIE. *weǵhno- 'wagon' (IEW: 1118ff.) (RM) 3. Gr. ὄχος m. ‘cart, carriage, vehicle’ < ϝέχω v. v. 'to carry' < IE *uoǵh-o-, *ueǵh- 'carry, drive' (RB) 4. PSl. *vȏzъ m. ‘cart’ < PIE. *uoǵh-o- (RD)
1. Guus Kroonen. "wagna-" in: Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Indo-European Etymological Dictionaries Online. Edited by Alexander Lubotsky. Brill, 2014. Brill Online. August 1, 2014. < http://iedo.brillonline.nl.lud…
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Stub Culture Indo-European
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yoke-3
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Tch. pyorye. Uncertain origin
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